Introduction to Computer

Networks

CMPE 150
Fall 2005
Lecture 1

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 Class Information
Class time and location:
M, W, F from 2:00 3:10.
E2 180
Class Web page:
http://www.cse.ucsc.edu/classes/cmpe150/Fall05
Instructor:
Katia Obraczka
E2 323
Office hours: TBD
katia@soe.ucsc.edu

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 Class Information
Teaching Assistant
Sudharsan Rangarajan
E-mail: sudrang@soe.ucsc.edu.
Lab Assistants
Jay Boice (boice@soe.ucsc.edu).
Todd Nagengast (todd@soe.ucsc.edu).

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 Textbook

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 Pre-requisites
CMPE 16
CMPE 12C/L

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 Focus
Intro to data networks from an engineering
perspective.
Broad coverage.
Network architectures.
Network protocols,
Layered design.
Protocol stack.
TCP/IP and the Internet,
Hands-on aspect.

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 Topics Covered
Introduction and Internetworking and IP.
Overview. IP Routing and Control.
Physical Layer. Transport Layer.
Medium Access Control Application Layer.
(MAC). Putting It All Together!
Link Layer.
Network Layer.
Routing.

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 Other Networking Courses
CE 151 Network Administration
CE 152 Protocols
CE 156 Network Programming
CE 107 Stochastic System Analysis
EE 103 Signals and Systems
CE 154 Data Communication
CE 153 Digital Signal Processing
EE 151 Communications Systems
CE 108 Data Compression
CE 163 Multimedia
CS 111 Operating Systems

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 Grading
Mid-term 35%
Assignments 25%
Homework
Labs
Final 40%

No credit for work that is not your own.

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 Academic Integrity
Academic integrity policies will be strictly
enforced!
Academic integrity policy violations will NOT
be tolerated!

http://www.ucsc.edu/academics/academic_integrity/policy.html

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 Course Outline
Introduction
History, basic concepts, terminology.
More, not-so-basic concepts:protocols, layering,, etc.
Physical layer
Transmitting data.
Data link layer
Reliable transmission.
Accessing the communication medium
Medium access control protocols.
LANs
Ethernet, token ring, wireless LANs.

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 Course Outline (contd)
Network layer
Types of network services.
Circuit- vs. packet switching.
Virtual circuits and datagrams.
Routing.
Addressing.
Unicast and multicast.
Internetworking
IP.
The Internet.
IP Routing and Control.

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 Course Outline (contd)
Transport layer
E2E communication..
Types of transport service.
Connectionless versus connection-oriented.
UDP.
TCP.
Application layer
DNS, ssh, telnet, ftp, news, e-mail.
The Web.
HTTP.
HTML.
Search engines.
Proxy and caches
Peer-to-peer.
Security.
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 Whats a network?

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 Whats a network?
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
|A fabric or structure of cords or wires that
cross at regular intervals
A system of computers, terminals and
databases connected by communication lines
A computer network is defined as the
interconnection of 2 or more independent
computers. [Ramteke,Networks, pg. 24].

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 Why network?
Before networks:
One large computer (mainframe) used for all
processing in businesses, universities, etc.
Smaller, cheaper computers
Personal computers or workstations on
desktops.
Interconnecting many smaller computers is
advantageous! Why?

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 Ubiquitous Computing
Computers everywhere.
Also means ubiquitous communication.
Users connected anywhere/anytime.
PC (laptop, palmtop) equivalent to cell phone.
Networking computers together is critical!

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 Computer Network
Provide access to local and remote resources.
Collection of interconnected end systems:
Computing devices (mainframes, workstations,
PCs, palm tops)
Peripherals (printers, scanners, terminals).

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 Why network?
Resource sharing!
Hardware: printers, disks, terminals, etc.
Software: text processors, compilers, etc.
Data.
Robustness.
Fault tolerance through redundancy.
Load balancing.
Processing and data can be distributed over
the network.
Location independence.
Users can access their files, etc. from
anywhere in the network.
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 Problems?
Security!
Its much easier to protect centralized
resources than when they are distributed.
Network itself as the target..

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 Some History

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 Before the Internet
Postal network.
Delivers different types of objects (letters,
packages, etc.) world-wide.
Relatively high delay but relatively cheap.
Sender and receiver identified by their postal
address (name, number, street, city, etc.).
Telephone network.
Engineered to deliver real-time voice.
Also world-wide.
Low delay but more expensive.
Users identified but telephone number.

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 The Telephone Network

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 The Telephone Network
Telephone was patented by G. Bell in 1876.
For one telephone to be able to talk with
another telephone, a direct connection
between the two telephones was needed.
Within one year, cities were covered with a
wild jumble of wires!

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 The Telephone Network (contd)
In 1878, the Bell Telephone company opened
its first switching office (in New Haven, CT).
Each user would connect to the local
switching office.
When a user wanted to make a call, s/he rang
to the office, and would be manually
connected to the other end.

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 The Telephone Network (contd)
To allow for long-distance calls, switching
offices (switches) were connected .

Several connections can go through inter-

switch trunks simultaneously.
At some point, there were too many
connections between switching offices!

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 The Telephone Network (contd)
Thus, a second-level hierarchy was added.

The current telephone system has at least

five levels of hierarchy.
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 Addressing
Uniquely identifies users.
Examples:
Postal address, telephone number.
Types of addresses:
Flat.
Hierarchical.
Are postal addresses flat or hierarchical?
And phone numbers?

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 POTS or PSTN
For over 100 years, the POTS (Plain Old
Telephone System) a.k.a. PSTN (Public
Switched Telephone Network) handles voice-
band communications.
The PSTN is well designed and engineered for
the transmission and switching of voice
Real-time.
Low latency.
High reliability.
Moderate fidelity.

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 Evolution of Communications
Networks
About 30 years ago, a second communications
network was created with the goal of providing a
better transport mechanism for data.
In this class, we will study the technology
underpinning data networks.

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 Communication Model

Network

Source Destination

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Simplified Communication Model

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 Components
End systems (or hosts),
Routers/switches/bridges, and
Links (twisted pair, coaxial cable, fiber, radio,
etc.).

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 Components (contd)
Source
generates data to be transmitted
Transmitter
Converts data into transmittable signals
Transmission System
Carries data
Receiver
Converts received signal into data
Destination
Takes incoming data
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Simplified Data Communications
Model

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 Key Tasks
Transmission.
Signal Generation.
Synchronization.

Error detection and correction.

Addressing and routing

End-to-end Recovery.

Security.

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 Networking
Point to point communication not usually
practical
Devices are too far apart.
Large set of devices would need impractical
number of connections.
Solution is a communications network.

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 Simplified Network Model

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