Study in Advanced Topics

Presented by
Venkatasalam
BITS Pilani
Hyderabad Campus
Course. Des. Of Steel Structures
Overview

Introduction
Tall Structural Systems
Pressure Coefficient using Ansys
Deep Beams
Diaphragm Action
Composite Floors
Construction Stage Analysis

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Introduction

Classification of Buildings
Low Rise
Medium Rise
High Rise

Based on
Aspect Ratio
No.of Floors
Height

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Loadings

Gravity Loading
Wind Load
This is more predominant in case of tall structures.
Excitation - Low frequency Resonance
Bluff Bodies Sharp Edges
Streamlined Bodies Airfoil
Aerodynamic Roughness
Earthquake Load
This is more predominant in short buildings
Excitation - High frequency

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Types of Structural Systems

1. Frames with Semi Rigid Connections 10 to 15 stories

2. Rigid Frames 25 Stories
3. Braced Frame 25 to 30 stories
4. Staggered Truss 25 Stories
5. Eccentric Bracing 25 to 30 Stories
6. Interacting System Braced and Rigid Frames 40 to 50 Stories
7. Outrigger and Belt Truss Systems 40 to 50 Stories
8. Framed Tube 50 to 60 Stories
9. Trussed Tube 60 to 70 Stories
10. Bundled Tube 80 to 100 Stories
11. High Efficiency Systems for Ultra Tall Buildings 100 to 150 Stories

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Method of Analysis for Tall
Structures
Non-linear Analysis (Second Order Analysis) and Non-linear Design
(Capacity Based Design)
Dynamic Analysis Lumped Mass System is not applicable for tall
structures
Shear Racking Component and Bending Component

Non linear in Geometry and Material

Secondary Moments due to lateral deflection and sway
Axial deformation
Material Nonlinearity and damping Nonlinearity

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Frames with Semi Rigid
Connection
Classification of Connection Rigid, Semi Rigid, Simple
Rigid 90 to 95% of FEM
Semi Rigid 20 to 90% of FEM
Simple 5 to 20% of FEM

For Buildings up to 15 stories (Linear Analysis and Non linear Design)

Semi Rigid Connections
For Buildings up to 25 Stories Rigid Connection

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Braced Frames

Concentric Braced Frames

Columns resists over turning moment (Building Stiffness)
Bracings act as a web
Bracing Buckles in compression
Braced Building bending component is high

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Eccentric Bracing
Before Bracing buckles the link element will yield and the energy is
dissipated and this link act as metallic damping
Link element act as a fuse. Link element is designed take load less than
bracing and hence it will yield.

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Buckling Restrained Braced
Frame (BRBF)

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Steel Plate Shear Wall
Plate infills the boundary between columns
Steel plate shear wall is analogous to I section
Stiffened and unstiffened plate
Plates are stiffened to prevent buckling of the plate
Unstiffened plate will utilize the tension field action in major
earthquakes
Tension field action comes in to picture after buckling of plate

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Staggered Truss Systems

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Interacting Braced and Rigid Frame

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Outrigger Systems

Optimum position of single outrigger and belt truss is almost at mid

height of the building
Belt truss makes other columns to participate or to resist the lateral
deflection

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Outrigger Belt truss
systems

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Framed Tube System
Shear Lag Effect
Less Shear lag effect more efficient the systems are
Bending stress variation is not linear due to shear lag effect
Perimeter columns large braced tubes
Internal columns are provided to carry vertical loads only
Closely spaced perimeter columns with deep spandrel beams

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Diagrid Structure
All vertical columns are eliminated
Diagrids takes care of both gravity loading and shear
Shear is transferred as axial forces
Optimum angle of diagrids is 63 degree for 50 storey building and
69 degree for 100 storey building

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Materials used for
construction
Steel
Inherent damping is less
Concrete
Inherent damping is high, Weight comparison
Composite
Efficient and Load Bearing

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 BITS Pilani
Hyderabad Campus

Pressure Coefficient Using

ANSYS (CFD)
Modelling
CT 1 (Conventional)
Ht. of the tower 200m
Ht. of throat from bottom 142m
Dia. at top rim 97.5m
Dia. at throat 85.2m
Dia. at bottom rim 136m

Equation of the profile

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Geomentric Similarity
Lm / Lp = 1 : 1000
Un-Distorted Model
Dynamic Similarity = 1
Cooling towers were modelled in Catia and analysed in Ansys
Dimension of Wind tunnel
Length 0.6m
Width 0.4m
Cushion at top 0.1m

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Pressure Contours

Max. Positive pressure - 1756 Pa

Max. Negative pressure - 2887 Pa

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 BITS Pilani
Hyderabad Campus

Deep Beams
Introduction

Classification
Floating Column
Corbels
Pile Cap
Transfer Girder

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Strut and Tie Method

Application
Design of Deep Beams
Design of corbels
Design of shear wall
Major Disadvantage
Service Level
Micro Truss Model
Approximate Method

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 Plane Stress Problem loading in its own plane
IS 456 Specification
Reinforcements details

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BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
 BITS Pilani
Hyderabad Campus

Diaphragm Action
Introduction

Types of Diaphragm available

Rigid Diaphragm
Semi Rigid Diaphragm
Flexible Diaphragm
Staad Pro and Etabs
Slabs Semi Rigid Diaphragm
Shear wall in Etabs

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 BITS Pilani
Hyderabad Campus

Composite Floors
 Steel deck topped with concrete
Deck sheet is readily available in market
Used for only one way slab
Design should be done in two stages
construction Stage
Service Stage

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 Construction Stage
Should be supported by props
No. of props is decided based on the allowable
deflection
Sheet specification will be given by the manufacturer
Design of composite floor is not available in Indian
standard, refer Eurocode

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 Service Stage
Design depends on the position of the Nuetral Axis
Two cases are there
Full Slip Resistance
Partial Slip Resistance
N.A in concrete section
N.A in Deck Sheet

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 BITS Pilani
Hyderabad Campus

Construction Stage Analysis

 While analysing a multi-storey building frame,
conventionally all the probable loads are applied after
modelling the entire building frame.
But in practice the frame is constructed in various
stages. Accordingly, the stability of frame varies at every
construction stage.
Even during construction freshly placed concrete floor is
supported by previously cast floor by formwork.
Thus, the loads assumed in conventional analysis will
vary in transient situation.

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 With respect to tall buildings
Etabs and Midas Gen has this module
Three types of analysis
Conventional
CS independent of time
CS dependent on time

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BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
References

1. Taranath, Bungale S. Structural analysis and design of tall buildings:

Steel and composite construction. CRC press, 2016.
2. Johnson, Roger Paul. Composite structures of steel and concrete:
beams, slabs, columns, and frames for buildings. John Wiley &
Sons, 2008.
3. ANSYS, ICEM, and ICEM ANSYS. "CFD Users Manual." Blocking
Strategy (2010): 40.
4. Slides from Prof. Kalyana Rama
5. Slides from Slideshare
6. Insdag Notes
7. Midas Gen Manual
8. Staad Pro Manual
9. Etabs Manual

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 BITS Pilani
Hyderabad Campus

THANK YOU!