Global Positioning System

(GPS)
 Advantages of GPS
Independent Positioning
No intervisibility required
Independent of weather condition
Survey network as per desired
 GPS Survey
Flexible
Accurate
Less time consuming
Round the clock use
Global 3D coordinate
 Limitation
Expensive
Cannot be used in underground, forest,
urban area etc.
Cannot use in inaccessible area
 Location
Where Am I?
Where is the particular object

Using Coordinate system

 Coordinate System
Geodetic coordinate system
Cartesian Coordinate system
 How GPS Works?
Location
Distance
Synchronization
Error Elimination

Position of Satellite
 GPS Satellites
NAVSTAR (USA)

24 satellites

4 satellite above horizon anytime

 GPS Satellites
Stable orbit
DoD monitering

GPS Signals
L1 Carrier 1227.6 MHz
L2 Carrier 1575.42 MHz
 Ranging code modulated on Carriers

C/A code: (Clear access or Course Acquisition)

1.023 MHz (For Civilian use)

P Code: (Precise/protected/private) - 10.23

MHz (For Military use)
 Clarifications
Indoor GPS
Location of Point with two GPS (when there is
no error)
The Goddard Space Flight Center's lists 2,271
satellites currently in orbit. Russia has the
most satellites currently in orbit, with 1,324
satellites, followed by the U.S. with 658.
 Application of GPS
Mapping

Vehicle Navigation (Intelligent transport

System)

Location Based Services (GIS + GPS + Mobile)

Earthquake prediction
 Errors In GPS
Atomic Clock
Orbit errors
The Atmosphere
Slowing Speed of Signal
Unpredictable variations of atmosphere

Ionospheric free solution: using dual Frequency (L1-L2)

 Errors In GPS
Multipath error
Error due to receiver
Clock
Internal Noise
Intentionally introduced error
Corrupting satellite clock with noise
Corrupting in navigation data

Geometric dilution of satellite

 Methods to reduce error
Differential GPS
Beacons as reference receiver
 Selective Availability
Selective Availability is the deliberate
degradation of GPS data
Purpose is to deny hostile forces the
opportunity to capitalize on the accurate point
positioning capability of GPS
This error degrade the horizontal positioning
error by 100 m.
Also this error will not exceed by 300m
This error created by perturbing the satellite
clock and the ephemeris data
 Errors/precision (Approx.)
SPS 10 100 m

PPS in the range of 5 m

Differential GPS decimeter to meter

Carrier phase GPS - millimeter to centimeter*

 Carrier-Phase method
EDMI method
Distance = (n. + ./2)

Integer ambiguity

Code-phase integration
 GPS Survey
Static Surveying Two or more GPS at fix
position
Kinematic surveying one fix and one rover
GPS: rover should be at known and unknown
location
Pseudokinematic surveying occupy the same
location at an interval of 1 h.
Rapid static surveying: rover reciver should
occupy a location for 15-20 minutes
 Why four Satellites
Coordinates of location is (x,y,z)
Coordinates of satellites are (x1,y1,z1) (x2,y2,z2)
(x3,y3,z3) (x4,y4,z4)
There will be receiver clock error (dt)
And the distance measured between receiver
and each satellites are R1,R2,R3,R4
 Why four Satellites
And the distance measured between receiver
and each satellites are R1,R2,R3,R4

R1 = {(x1-x)2 +(y1-y)2+(z1-z)2}1/2 + c.dt

 Why four Satellites
And the distance measured between receiver
and each satellites are R1,R2,R3,R4

R1 = {(x1-x)2 +(y1-y)2+(z1-z)2}1/2 + c.dt

R2 = {(x2-x)2 +(y2-y)2+(z2-z)2}1/2 + c.dt
R3 = {(x3-x)2 +(y3-y)2+(z3-z)2}1/2 + c.dt
R4 = {(x4-x)2 +(y4-y)2+(z4-z)2}1/2 + c.dt
 Why four Satellites
And the distance measured between receiver
and each satellites are R1,R2,R3,R4

R1 = {(x1-x)2 +(y1-y)2+(z1-z)2}1/2 + c.dt

R2 = {(x2-x)2 +(y2-y)2+(z2-z)2}1/2 + c.dt
R3 = {(x3-x)2 +(y3-y)2+(z3-z)2}1/2 + c.dt
R4 = {(x4-x)2 +(y4-y)2+(z4-z)2}1/2 + c.dt
Geographical Information Systems
(GIS)
 Definition
A computer based system for the capture
storage, retrieval analysis and display of
spatial data, within a particular organization.
Input
Data management
Manipulation and analysis
output
 Purpose of GIS
To support decision-making based on spatial
data
To support general research
To collect, manipulate and use spatial data in
database management
To produce customized cartographic
production
 GIS Components
GIS Hardware (computer)
GIS software
Data
People
Methodology
Representation of Geospatial Data
Point: spatial object having no area only with
reference to a certain coordinate system

Line: NO width. Can be located from any one

side

Polygon: spatial information of a closed area

 Modelling of Data
Raster data: A number of cells having definite
coordinates are used. Each cell used to
represent an attribute. Each cell forms a single
layer. Raster model requires huge volume of
data for storage.
Vector data: An object is represented as a
point or line form, with a definite coordinate
(X,Y) system.
 Advantages of Vector Data
A vector database can depict point data as
point with better accuracy
A vector data can show a line data in exact
and fin detail
A vector data provides better detail of
boundaries
A vector data is best suited to represent
various natural/artificial feature. It can be
represented in coordinates.
It requires less storage space on the computer
 disadvantages of Vector Data
Vector formats sometimes proves costlier
higher data encoding cost. Data manipulation
are more complex than raster format.

Superimposition of different layers of data

may be difficult

The GIS data often requires conversion of

Vector data to Raster data and vice versa
 Thematic Layering
The spatial information and attributes refer to
geographical features of different objects like
rivers, forests, roads, buildings etc. are
collected and stored in GIS by layer form.

All these layers are combined together by

superimposing to form a single layer.
 Data For GIS
Spatial Data
Graphical data
Line or symbol on a map/image
Non-spatial Data
Alphanumeric
Color, texture, quantity, quality etc.
Spatial data will have related non-spatial data
Combination of these two provide full
information
 Capabilities/functionalities of GIS
Organization
Visualization
Combination/integration
Prediction
Queries (retrieve information)
Reclassification
 Sources of errors
Conceptual errors
Errors in source data
Errors in data encoding
Errors in data editing and conversion
Errors in data processing and analysis
Errors in data output
Reading Assignment

Data Quality of GIS

 Application of GIS
Academic
Industry
Business
Government
military
Remote Sensing
 History
1858 balloonist G. Tournachon made
photographs of Paris from his balloon

Systematic aerial photography was used for

military and recon purpose in world war I, II
and during cold war

Artificial satellites took over in later part of

20th century (Since 1972)
 Remote Sensing
Remote sensing is the science and art of
obtaining information about an object, area,
or phenomenon through the analysis of data
acquired by a device that is not in contact with
the object area, or phenomenon under
investigation.
Data Acquisition process
Data Analysis
 Remote Sensing
RS system capture radiation in different
wavelength radiated /emitted by the earth
surface features and recorded it directly on the
film (in aerial photography) or in digital medium
used in generating the images

RS provides valuable data over vast area in a

short time about resources, meteorology and
environment leading to better resource
management
 Advantages of Remote sensing
Provides a regional view (large area)
Provides repetitive views of same area
Remote sensors see broader portion of
spectrum then human eye
Sensors can focus on a very specific
bandwidth in an image or a number of
bandwidth simultaneously
Provides geo-referenced digital data
Some remote sensors operate in all season, in
night and in bad weather
 Data Acquisition process

Energy sources or illumination

Propagation of energy through the atmosphere
Energy interaction with earth surface features
Recording of energy by the sensors (Airborne or space-
borne sensors)
Re-transmission of energy through the atmosphere
(Transmission, reception and Processing)
Interpretation and analysis (Sensor data in pictorial
and/or digital form)
application
 Data Analysis
Viewing and interpreting devices for pictorial
data and a computer to analyze digital sensor
data
Completion of information in the form of
hard-copy maps and tables
Presentation of the information to the user
who apply it to the decision making process.
 Sensors
Passive: Remote sensing systems which measure
energy that is naturally available are called passive
sensors
Using reflected solar radiation
Using radiation emitted by object

Active: The sensor emits radiation which is directed

toward the target to be investigated. The radiation
reflected from that target is detected and measured by
the sensor. (LIDAR: Light Detection and Ranging, and
RADAR: Radio Detection and Ranging)
Camera with a flash light and Radar used by police to
measure speed of a vehicle
 Techniques
Spectral Signatures
Image Acquisition
Spatial Resolution
Spectral Resolution
Multispectral Image
Radiometric resolution
 Spectral Signature
Signature produced by wavelength-dependent
absorption

The ratio of reflected to incident energy ratio

 Image acquisition
Radiant energy that is measured by aerial or
satellite sensors

Electromagnetic energy reflected from earths

surface can be detected
 Spatial Resolution
A function of design of sensors
Detectors in a remote sensors measure energy
received from a finite patch of a ground
surface
 Multi-spectral Images
Parallel sensor array detecting in a small
number of broad wavelength band
Allow discrimination of different types
Vegetation
Rock
Soil
Clear water and turbid water
 Radiometric resolution
Quantized incoming energy
Analyze the numerical values in the band of a
multispectral image
 Why Use Satellite?
Consistent, regular global measurement
The big picture : Hemispheric to local scale
Even in areas where no ground-based
measurements possible
Advance warning of environmental events and
disasters
Visual appeal: A picture is worth a thousand
words
 Satellite Images
Advantages Disadvantages
Covers large area Needs ground verification
Time efficient and cost Doesnt offer details
effective Not the best tool for small
Multi-temporal and multi- areas
spectral Needs expert systems to
Multi-sensors extract data
Overcome inaccessibility
 Application of RS
1. Space Based Inputs for Decentralized Planning (SIS-DP)
2. National Urban Information System (NUIS)
3. ISRO Disaster Management Support Programme (ISRO-
DMSP)
4. Biodiversity Characterizations at landscape level
5. Preharvest crop area and production estimation of major
crops.
6. Drought/irrigation monitoring and assessment based on
vegetation condition.
7. Flood risk zone mapping and flood damage assessment.
8. Hydro-geomorphologic maps for locating underground
water resources for drilling well.
 Application of RS
9. Snow-melt run-off estimates for planning water use in
down stream projects.
10. Land use and land cover mapping.
11. Urban planning.
12. Forest survey.
13. Wetland mapping.
14. Environmental impact analysis.
15. Mineral Prospecting.
16. Coastal studies.
 Types of Satellites
Geostationary Satellites
Polar-Orbiting Satellites
 Geostationary Satellites
In high altitude orbit (approx 35800 KM)
Orbital period of satellite matches the
rotational speed of earth
Continuously observes same area of earth
Very high temporal resolution (minute-hour)
Used for meteorological conditions and severe
storm development
 Polar-Orbiting Satellites
In low Altitude orbit (700-800 KM)
Orbit around north and south poles
Earth rotates under satellites as it orbits, So each
time satellite makes a pass over earth, it
observes a new area
These satellites observe same area once per day
Low temporal resolution
Global coverage
Used for variety of application: air quality, water
quality, land cover, vegetation studies etc.
 Satellite Measurements*
Satellite do not make direct measurement of
the earths geophysical parameters

Satellite measure solar, terrestrial radiance

Radiance data are converted into geophysical

parameters using science based algorithms
 Remote sensing in India
Indias Remote Sensing starts following the successful
demonstration flights of Bhaskara-1 and Bhaskara-2
satellites launched in 1979 and 1981, respectively, with
the to development of indigenous Indian Remote
Sensing (IRS) satellite program.
Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellite system was
commissioned with the launch of IRS-1A, in 1988.
IRS is the largest civilian remote sensing satellite
constellation in the world providing imageries in a
variety of spatial resolutions, spectral bands and
swaths.
Data from Indian Remote Sensing satellites are used for
various applications of resources survey and
management under the National Natural Resources
Management System (NNRMS).
 Indias Recent IRS satellites
2012: Radar Imaging Satellite-1 (RISAT-1) imaging of the
surface features during both day and night under all weather
conditions.
2011: Megha-Tropiques, for studying the water cycle and
energy exchanges in the tropics.
2011: RESOURCESAT-2 to continue the remote sensing data
services to global users provided by RESOURCESAT-1, and to
provide data with enhanced multispectral and spatial
coverage as well.
2010: Cartosat-2B to provide multiple spot scene imageries. It
is capable of imaging a swath (geographical strip) of 9.6 km
with a resolution of better than 1 metre.
2009: Oceansat-2 is to provide continuity of Oceansat (IRS-P4)
with enhanced application potential.
2009: Radar Imaging Satellite (RISAT-2) is capable of taking
earth images in all weather.
 Indias Recent IRS satellites
2008: IMS-1, previously referred to as TWSat (Third
World Satellite), is a low-cost microsatellite imaging
mission of ISRO.
2008: CARTOSAT 2A is the thirteenth satellite in the
Indian Remote Sensing Satellite series (IRS).
2007: CARTOSAT-2, launched by PSLV-C7 on January
10, 2007, is the twelfth in the Indian Remote Sensing.
2005: CARTOSAT 1 is the first Indian Remote Sensing
Satellite capable of providing in-orbit stereo images.
2003: RESOURCESAT-1 is the tenth satellite of ISRO in
IRS series
 Remote sensing Challenges
Satellites are very expensive to build and
launch

No direct measurement

Tradeoff between spatial and temporal

resolution
 Why We still use RS
Radars, laser range finders, UAV based
reconnaissance and satellite imagery are
wisely used in defense forces

Advantages of RS far outweighs the challenges