General Introduction to NDT

NDT Methods

Penetrant Inspection
Magnetic Particle Inspection
Ultrasonic Inspection
Radiographic Inspection
Liquid Penetrant Inspection
Ambient Temp.10deg C to 52deg C.)

Dye Penetrant Inspection (DPI)

Penetrant Flaw Detection (PFD)
Penetrant testing (PT)

Surface inspection method

Applicable to all non-porous,
non-absorbing materials
 PT PROCEDURE
ASME SEC.V ARTICLE 6

PT PRINCIBLE
CAPILLARY ACTION (DWELL TIME)
REVERSE CAPILLAY ACTION
(DEVELOPING TIME)
 Penetrant Inspection
Penetrating fluid applied to component and
drawn into defect by capillary action

Penetrating fluid removed from component

surface (but not from defect)
 Principle : Capillary Action
Interaction of adhesive and cohesive
forces
 Penetrant Chemicals

Cleaner/Penetrant Remover- No Colour

Penetrant-Red,Pink,yellow,Green,Blue

Developer White Contrast

 Penetrant Inspection
Penetrating fluid applied to component and
drawn into defect by capillary action
Developer applied to surface
Penetrant drawn back out of the defect by
reverse capillary action
 Penetrant Inspection
Penetrating fluid applied to component and
drawn into defect by capillary action
Developer applied to surface
Penetrant drawn back out of the defect by
reverse capillary action
Penetrant Inspection
 Penetrant Inspection Procedure
Pre Cleaning ( Oil,Grease,Paint,Rust, etc)
Application of Penetrant (Spraying,brusing,dipping)
Dwell Time ( Minimum 10 Mins to Max 15 Mins)
Removal of Excess Penetrant (Method A,B,C,D)
Application of Developer (Type a,b,c,d,e)
Inspection & Evaluation (Asme Sev.VIII Div.1 App.8)
Post Cleaning
 System classification
PENETRANT REMOVAL DEVELOPERS
White Solvent (C) Dry powder (a)
contrast Water Aqueous ( b&c)
(Type II) washable (A) Non-Aqueous
Colour Post ( d & e)
Contrast emulsifiable
(Type I) (B & D)
 INDICATION
Linear Indication:
One of Circular or Elliptical Shape with a length
greater than 3 times of width (L>3 times width)

Rounded Indication:
One of Circular or Elliptical Shape with a length
equal to or less than than 3 times of width (L< or =
to 3 times width)
 Advantages of DPI
Applicable to non-ferromagnetic materials
Able to test large parts with a portable kit
Applicable to small parts with complex
geometry
Simple,cheap easy to interpret
Sensitivity
 Disadvantages of DPI
Will only detect defects open to the
surface
Careful surface preparation required
Not applicable to porous materials
Temperature dependant
Cannot retest indefinitely
Compatibility of chemicals
 ASME MPT PROCEDURE

ASME SEC.V ARTICLE 7

MPT PRINCIPLE
Magnetic Flux Leakage Or
Leakage field will occur in the ferro
magnetic materials
 Magnetic Particle Inspection
Test method for the detection of surface
and sub-surface indications in
ferromagnetic materials
Magnetic field induced in component
Defects disrupt the magnetic flux
Defects revealed by applying
ferromagnetic particles
 No Defect Defect

N S N S

Principle of MPI : Flux Leakage

Lines of flux follow the path of least resistance
Magnetic Particle Inspection
 Advantages of MPI
Will detect some sub-surface defects
Rapid and simple to understand
Pre-cleaning not as critical as with DPI
Will work through thin coatings
Cheap rugged equipment
Direct test method
 Disadvantages of MPI
Ferromagnetic materials only
Requirement to test in 2 directions
Demagnetisation may be required
Odd shaped parts difficult to test
Not suited to batch testing
Can damage the component under test
 A saturation of flux is introduced

Magnetic Flux Leakage

N S
 A saturation of flux is introduced
Flux forced into air by reductions in thickness
Magnetic Flux Leakage

N S
 A saturation of flux is introduced
Flux forced into air by reductions in thickness
Magnetic flux detected by sensors

Sensor

N S
 Magnetic Flux Leakage
Affected by
Climatic conditions
Cleanliness
Surface condition
Limitations
Coverage
Qualitative not Quantitative
Top side / Bottom side differentiation
 Ultrasonic Inspection
Principle
High frequency sound sound waves are
introduced into a material
Interfaces between materials of differing
acoustic properties reflect or transmit
sound
Reflected sound is displayed on a CRT
 Defect Orientation
0 degree Probes

Screen

Depth
Metal

Depth
 Angle Probes Defect Orientation

Range

Range
Depth = Range x Cos (Probe angle)
Defect Orientation
1 2 3
 Advantages
Sensitive to cracks at various
orientations
Portability
Safety
Able to penetrate thick sections
Measures depth and through wall extent
 Disadvantages
No permanent record (unless automated)
Not easily applied to complex geometries
and rough surfaces.
Unsuited to course grained materials
Requires highly skilled and experienced
technicians
 Radiographic Inspection
Electromagnetic radiation is imposed upon a test
object
Radiation is transmitted to varying degrees
dependant upon the density of the material through
which it is travelling
Variations in transmission detected by photographic
film or fluorescent screens
Applicable to metals,non-metals and composites
 Radiographic Inspection
Radiation Source

Lower Higher
density density

Specimen

Film
Radiographic Image
 Advantages of Radiography
Permanent record
Internal flaws
Can be used on most materials
Direct image of flaws
Real - time imaging
 Disadvantages of Radiography
Health hazard
Sensitive to defect orientation
Limited ability to detect fine cracks
Access to both sides required
Limited by material thickness
Skilled interpretation required
Relatively slow
High capital outlay and running costs