TOEFL PREPARATION

AIM HIGH
By: Brambella Indra Himawan
STRUCTURE I
SENTENCES WITH ONE
CLAUSE
 SUBJECT VERB OBJECT TIME SIGNAL

TO BE VERB 1 / VERB 2
PRESENT is / am / are DO or DOES / DID
PAST was / were V+ing= PROGRESSIVE HAVE/HAS/HAD + V3 (past participle)
PERFECT been V3 = PASSIVE MODAL + V1 (infinitive)
MODAL be MODAL + HAVE V3

CAN COULD
BE ABLE TO
SHALL SHOULD
WILL WOULD
MAY MIGHT
MUST / HAVE TO
 SUBJECT VERB
A SENTENCE IN ENGLISH MUST HAVE AT LEAST ONE SUBJECT AND ONE VERB

1 . ALL SUBJECTS ARE NOUNS OR NOUN PHRASES

2. VERBS HAVE MANY FORMS, LIKE:
A. TO BE: IS, AM, ARE, WAS, WERE, BE, BEEN
B. VERB 1 (PRESENT FORM) OR VERB 1 + -S/-ES: EAT, SLEEP, LOOK, GOES,
WATCHES, STUDIES, ETC.
C. VERB 2 (PAST FORM) : ATE, SLEPT, LOOKED, WENT, WATCHED, STUDIED, ETC.
D. MODAL + (INFINITIVE OR BASE VERB): WILL EAT, CAN SLEEP, MUST LOOK, ETC.
E. HAVE / HAS + V3: HAVE EATEN, HAS SLEPT, ETC.
F. HAD + V3: HAD EATEN, HAD SLEPT, HAD LOOKED, ETC.
 BE CAREFUL OF OBJECT OF PREPOSITIONS

A PREPOSITION IS FOLLOWED BY A NOUN, PRONOUN, GERUND OR NOUN CLAUSE THAT IS

CALLED AN OBJECT OF PREPOSITION.
IF A WORD IS AN OBJECT OF A PREPOSITION, IT IS NOT THE SUBJECT.

E.G.: JAKARTA IS THE CAPITAL CITY OF INDONESIA = CORRECT

NOUN-SUBJECT
IN JAKARTA IS THE CAPITAL CITY OF INDONESIA. = INCORRECT
OBJECT OF PREPOSITION = NOT SUBJECT, NOT NOUN
 BE CAREFUL OF APPOSITIVES
AN APPOSITIVE IS A NOUN THAT COMES BEFORE OR AFTER ANOTHER
NOUN AND IS GENERALLY SET OFF FROM THE NOUN WITH COMMAS.
IF A WORD IS AN APPOSITIVE, IT IS NOT THE SUBJECT.
 BE CAREFUL OF VERB+ING AND V3

VERB+ING
1. VERB+ING WILL BE A PRESENT PARTICIPLE AS PART OF THE VERB WHEN IT IS PRECEDED BY TO BE

2. VERB+ING WILL BE ADJECTIVE WHEN IT IS NOT PRECEDED BY TO BE

 V3
1. V3 WILL BE A PRESENT PARTICIPLE AS PART OF THE VERB WHEN IT IS PRECEDED
BY HAS, HAVE, HAD, OR TO BE.

2. V3 WILL BE ADJECTIVE WHEN IT IS NOT PRECEDED BY HAS, HAVE, HAD,

OR TO BE.