Академический Документы
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Культура Документы
1. BABUR(1526-56)
2. HUMAYAN(1531-56)
3. SHER SHAH SUR(1450-55)
4. AKBAR(1556-1605)
5. JAHANGIR (1605-27)
6. SHAH JAHAN(1627-58)
7. AURANGAZEB(1658-1707)
1
Features:
Building art in
northern India attained
its most sumptuous
form.
Muslim art and
architecture reached
its peak during the
mughal rule.
A form of the building
art emerged
expressive of this
ruling dynasty
Mughal Empire
2
Factors:
Wealth and power of the empire.
Relatively settled condition that prevailed in most
parts of the country.
Pronounced aesthetic nature of the mughal rulers
culture.
Mughal style resolves itself into two main features:
PHASES
1 buildings of red sandstone (akbar)
2 buildings of white marble (Jahangir and shahjahan)
3
BABUR(1526-1531)
BUILDINGS
1. Kabuli Bagh- Panipat
2. Jami Masjid-Panipat (large brick structure
does not show distinct quality)
4
KABULI BAGH-PANIPAT,PUNJAB
5
KABULI BAGH-PANIPAT,PUNJAB
Mihrab
6
HUMAYUN(1531-1556)
7
SHER SHAH SUR
Built city of shergarh-Remains only Lal Darwaza,Khuni
Darwaza
14
HUMAYUN(1531-1556)
Return of Mughals
1. TOMB OF HUMAYUN-1564 AD
15
HUMAYUNS TOMB
In the middle of each of the
four sides an imposing gateway
was introduced west being the
main entrance.
Occupying the middle of the
156
upper surface is the tomb
structure 156 feet in side and
square in plan
PLAN
16
140
White Marble
Pillared Kiosks
Red
22
Sandstone
Arcaded Chamber
HUMAYUNS TOMB 17
Double dome :
Composed of two seperate
shells an outer and inner with
appreciable space between.
Outer shell supports the
marble case of the exterior.
Inner shell forms the vaulted
Mughal garden ceiling of the interiors main
hall.
Tomb chamber
HUMAYUNS TOMB 18
Mughal garden
Garden is carefully designed and
proportioned so as to form an integral
part of architectural composition.
The tomb stands in the centre of a
grand symmetrical-Char-bagh ( four
gardens)
Organised natural elements within a
refined framework of geometrical
patterns.
Rigid channels of water laid along the
cardinal axes of the building with
fountains at regular intervals.
Rows of flowers formed decorative
borders for the grass contained within
square quadrangles.
The Mughal garden antithesis of both
japanese and indian garden.
HUMAYUNS TOMB 19
The Tomb
23
2700
24
BUILDINGS IN AGRA FORT
Anguri Bagh - 85 square, geometrically arranged gardens
Diwan-i-Am (Hall of Public Audience) - was used to speak to the
people and listen to petitioners and once housed the Peacock Throne
Diwan-i-Khas (Hall of Private Audience) - was used to receive kings
and dignitary, features black throne of Jehangir
Golden Pavilions - beautiful pavilions with roofs shaped like the roofs
of Bengali huts
Jahangiri Mahal - built by Akbar for his son Jehangir
Khas Mahal - white marble palace, one of the best examples of
painting on marble
Macchi Bhawan (Fish Enclosure) - grand enclosure for harem
functions, once had pools and fountains
Mina Masjid (Heavenly Mosque)- a tiny mosque; closed to the public
25
Moti Masjid (Pearl Mosque) - a private mosque of Shah Jahan
Musamman Burj - a large, octagonal tower with a balcony facing the
Taj Mahal
Nagina Masjid (Gem Mosque) - mosque designed for the ladies of
the court, featuring the Zenana Mina Bazaar (Ladies Bazaar) right
next to the balcony, where only female merchants sold wares
Naubat Khana (Drum House) - a place where the king's musicians
played
Rang Mahal - where the king's wives and mistresses lived
Shahi Burj - Shah Jahan's private work area
Shah Jahani Mahal - Shah Jahan's first attempt at modification of
the red sandstone palace
Sheesh Mahal (Glass Palace) or Shish Mahal - royal dressing room
featuring tiny mirror-like glass-mosaic decorations on the walls
26
Entrance to the Agra fort-delhi The palace of the royal
gate household
27
JAHANGIRI MAHAL in Agra Fort
Use of colored glazed tiles and domed
canopies on the exterior Persian
origin.
Interior courts and halls Hindu style.
The Jahangiri Mahal is a configuration
of rooms and chapels dispersed around
two courts,aligned along central axis.
The Zenana court-overlooking the
yamuna river.
Two storeyed front faade with central
arcade opening, deep horizontal
chajjas.
Arches flanked by octagonal domed
turrets
Jain toranas, richly carved stone piers
and brackets,Chajjas-Evocative of the
palace of the man singh.
28
Fatehpur Sikri Palace Complex
29
2. NEW CAPITAL CITY OF FATEPUR SIKRI:
NO BUIDING TYPE EXAMPLE
1 gateways agra gate
naubat khana or
drum house
2 secular buildings palace at jodh bai
house of Miriam
house of the sultana
birbals house
3 religious buidings jami masjid
buland darwaza or
triumphal gateway
tomb of salim chisti
tomb of islam khan
4. administrative diwan-i-khas or hall of public
audience
building panch mahal or palace of five stories
khwabgah or house of drums
astrologers seat
department of records
30
Most notable achievement of
the Mughals
26 miles west of agra
A great complex of residential,
official and religious buildings
Rectangular area of 2 miles
and 1 mile braod.
Habitation lasted only for one
generation
Departed from the conventional
idea of building isolated structures
linked together by streets, due to
the limited space.
City with no streets ,but an
arrangement of braod terraces
and stately courtyard around
which are grouped pavillions
and palaces
FATEHPUR SIKRI PALACE COMPLEX
31
FATEHPUR SIKRI- Design Guidelines
Diwan-i-khas
Daftar Khana
Diwan-i-Am
Sultana garden
Pavilion of the Turkish
Sultana
Maryams house
Char chaman court.
Khwab gah (Two
storeyed pavilion)
33
FATEHPUR SIKRI PALACE COMPLEX
34
35
AGRA GATE
High and plain outside wall
Principal buildings are attached to the inner
side all facing the courtyard
Entrance only through a guarded gatehouse
having staggered doorways
Strict seclusion
Within this enclosure, every portion is self
contained with a private chapel for devotions
and roof terraces screened by the parapet for
promenades
Each part is readily accessible for the
convenience of its occupants and for the
purpose of service
Palace is nearly square 320x215
Walls -32 high
East wall-gatehouse
North wall- hanging pavilion or hawa mahall
South wall- service and bathing apartment
Interiors consists of an almost symmetrical range
of buildings surrounding a square quadrangle (2
storied)
Carved decoration similar to the temple
36
architecture PALACE OF JODH BAI
Simple and unpretentious structure
Display of much elegant workmanship
Arrangment of rooms in two stories but with
no external courtyard or extraneous
amenities
Double- height living room
Two floors of bedroom overlooking the
double height hall below.
Mural paintings
WEST FACADE
FRONT FACADE
AERIAL VIEW
HOUSE OF MIRIAM 37
Similar to Miriam house
Arrangment is a little more
complex and elaborate
2 storied building with four
rooms and two porches
forming the ground floor
upper storey has two
rooms and the the
remainder consists of open SOUTH FACADE
terraces enclosed by
screens
there are cupolas over the
upper rooms and pyramidal
roofs over the porches
double dome construction
of an inner and outer shell
with a void in the centre
hence interior was kept
ARCADED CHAMBER
cool
Exterior treatment-
Chajjas, brackets and
BIRBAL HOUSE 38
SIDE FACADE
BIRBAL HOUSE
QUEENS PALACE 39
WEST VIEW
DIWAN I-AM
EAST FACADE
CORNER
DETAIL
40
DIWAN I-KHAS
41
The Jami Masjid of
Sikrimassive mosque measuring a 515 ft x 432 ft (157m x 132m) undoubtedly
This
makes it the largest mosque in India.
Liwan faade consists of a central arched fronton which dwarfs the dome
behind in the old Tughlaq tradition.
The central framed arch is completely out of proportion with the rather low-
slung side wings.
42
42
BULAND DARWAZA or GATE OF MAGNIFICENCE 43
Southern entrance to the Jami
Masjid.
Imposing structure 134 high
134
BULAND DARWAZA 44
The entire structure may be
resolved into two aspects:
The frontal and highest
aspect, forming the faade
with its portal.
Back with its faade
embowed by means of three
planes comprising a large
central face and a lesser one
on each side receding at an
angle.
Central plane is 86 across,
rectangular in shape; the great
part is occupied by an arched and Most important feature is the decorative
domed recess. treatment of the outer faade with the
The narrower faces on the wings rectangular formation & wide border.
are in three stories which varied
openings in each stage.
Crowning the whole of this
faade is a parapet behind which
BULAND
rises a range of kiosks with DARWAZA 45
PANCH MAHAL
Pavillion of 5 stories
The rectangular ground floor being
built over 84 columns each different
in design
The 5 stories above diminish
gradually from the northern and
western sides while the eastern and
the southern sides rise vertically
upto it culminates into a domed
canopy supported over the four
46
pillars.
PANCH MAHAL
Palace was designed for Akbars more than 300
wives, to enjoy their leisure hours during the hot
summers
Exterior treatment is remarkable for its wide eaves
and deep shadows of pillars & brackets.
Horizontal lines of the parapet.
Pleasing proportions of the interior pillars with
pendant brackets, balconies, alcoves, murals.
47
TOMB OF SALIM CHISTI
48
TOMB OF SALIM CHISTI
49
TOMB OF SALIM CHISTI 50
TOMB OF SALIM CHISTI 51
JAHANGIR(1605-1627)
52
TOMB OF AKBAR
53
The tomb of Akbar has a tall The mausoleum complex is
square in plan
sandstone clad gate with ornate
and aligned on the cardinal
marble inlay carvings and axis, with the tomb at its center
inscriptions. and four gates, one along each
It consists of a colossal arched wall.
niche flanked on either side by Based on a charbagh, or walled
double-stacked balconies. square garden composition
Surmounting the gate pavilion much like his father Humayun's
are four towering white marble (1530-1540, 1555-1556) tomb,
minarets, one at each corner
Beyond the lofty gate lies the
charbagh divided into quadrants
by watercourses designed to
evoke the rivers of paradise.
Hence, the mausoleum itself is
physically and metaphorically
located at the center of a
heavenly garden, Behistan.
TOMB OF AKBAR 54
The gallery space is rhythmically arranged with massive pillars
supporting arches roughly 6.7 meters apart.
Outside, the second story has an arcaded verandah on each side,
which is composed of twenty three bays.
The arcades are repeated on the subsequent floors forming peripheral
walkways at each level and chattris at the corners.
The top floor has no superstructure but consists on an open terrace
enclosed with marble screen parapets.
This five-tiered structure with its pillared terraces and numerous
chattris also bears a striking resemblance to the Panch Mahal at
Fatehpur Sikri. 55
The central bay of each side
is marked by a high pishtaq
surmounted by a rectangular
chattri, or roof kiosks.
Only the southern pishtaq
gives access to the burial
chamber, a small square
room at the end of long
corridor at the heart of the
building domed at eighteen
meters.
the four pishtaqs, the
southern one is the most
elaborate in ornamentation.
The burial chamber also
houses the tombs of the
emperor's daughters,
Shakrul Nisha Begam and
Aram Bano
56
TOMB OF JAHANGIR
Variant Names Jihangir, Jehangir Tomb
Date 1627-8
Style/Period Mughal
Century 17th
57
The mausoleum itself in red
sandstone and floral marble inlay, and
consists of an arcaded platform, or
takhgah, 84 meters square.
On each corner is an octagonal
minaret rising in five segments.
The shaft is decorated in chevrons
of pink and white marble, and a
domed kiosk crowns each minaret.
Openings on each of the four sides
of the platform lead through long
corridors to a central, octagonal crypt
containing the marble cenotaph
resting on a platform, the chabutra.
The marble cenotaph is considered
one of the finest in India.
It is inlaid precious stones set in
naturalistic floral patterns, and black
calligraphy inscribing the date of
Jahangir's death, and the ninety-nine 58
names of God.
TOMB OF JAHANGIR
59
60
MAUSOLEUM OF I'TIMAD AL-DAULA
61
The mausoleum is like a jewel box, built entirely of pure marble, it
marks the transitional phase from the grand and massive red
sandstone architecture of Akbar to the softer and sensual
architectural style that marked the reign of Shah Jahan.
The I'timad al-Daula was the first Mughal structure to be
completely encased in marble and extensively use pietra dura, the
marble inlay work that is associated with the Taj Mahal
MAUSOLEUM OF I'TIMAD AL-DAULA The tomb is of a modest
scale, built on a low
platform 4' (1.22m) high. It
has a square plan
measuring 68'-10" (21m),
subdivided into nine
chambers, with four
corner octagonal towers in
the form of minarets.
The minarets frame the
central roof pavilion that
marks the tomb chamber 62
below.).
The kiosks of the minarets consist of
small hemispherical copulas resting on
small arches supported by eight
pilasters. The roof pavilion imparts a
distinct Hindu feel in its use of Bengali
roof, completed by a wide overhangs or
eaves (chhajja
MAUSOLEUM OF I'TIMAD AL-DAULA
63
The mausoleum is set within a garden surrounded by walls
forming a perimeter of 541'-4" (165m) on each side.
The approach is from the east through a red sandstone gateway
that is decorated with rich marble mosaics.
Sandstone pathways lead up to the main tomb.
Each of the faade has a central arched entrance, flanked by two
recessed arches that are closed by beautiful marble screens (jali).
Fine corbels support the cornice, which has a marble tracery (jali)
balustrade running along the length of it.
The platform and tomb is embellished with mosaics and pietra
dura inlay work of semiprecious stones.
The art of inlay marble had been practiced for many years, but this
was the first attempt to imitate Persian pottery decoration and tile
work.
The interior is a series of rooms and corridors arranged around a
verandah that surrounds the central chamber containing the
cenotaph. The square roof pavilion above the central chamber
allows the light to filter down through its perforated marble
64
screens (jalis) to gently wash over the two porphyry yellow
SHAH JAHAN
GENERAL CHARACTER OF THIS STYLE
The forms of this style are essentially marble forms,
while the decoration is only occasionally plastic this
was done by means of inlaid patterns in coloured
stones.
The curves of the arch which were now often foliated.
Usually in each instance by means of cusps called
cusp arch.
The dome assumed another form as the Persian type.
Bulbous in outline and constructed at its neck.
The adoption of which brought with it the system of
true double dome.
65
GENERAL FEATURES
66
IMPORTANT EXAMPLES:
67
TAJ MAHAL
Variant Names Taj Mahall, Taj Mehel
Location Agra
Date 1632-1648
Style/Period Mughal
Century 17th
Building Types funerary, landscape,
religious
Building Usage mausoleum, garden,
mosque
68
The Taj Mahal is a mausoleum complex built by Shah
Jahan (reg. 1628 - 1658) in memory of his favorite wife,
Arjumand Banu Begam (d.1631), better known by her
title "Mumtaz Mahal," or "the exalted one of the
palace.
The construction of the complex began shortly after
Mumtaz's death.
TAJ MAHAL 69
The Taj Mahal complex is organized in a rectangle,
measuring approximately 310 x 550 meters.
It comprises a number of buildings and structures, all
functioning together as the funerary monument for
Mumtaz Mahal.
From the south, the first part of the complex consists
of a (former) bazaar, the forecourt and entry gates;
the second part consists of a large garden and garden
pavilions, axially arranged along a riverfront terrace
with the three main structures:
the mosque,
the mausoleum and
the mihmankhana (literally, "guest house," probably
used as an assembly hall).
70
Mihman Khanah 1900 by 1000
Entry gate
Mosque Forecourt
1000 Garden
71
effect a minaret in three stages and
crowned by kiosk rises from each
corner of the Plinth to a height of
137
186
80
Shahjahanabad
Citadel,Delhi
Shahjahanabad-The last of the great citadels representative of
Muslim power in India.
The plan of Shahjahanabad seems to have been executed in a
rather dry and systematic manner.
The Shahjahanabad citadel consists of a series of garden courts
and palaces dispersed on both sides of a central axis composed of
the Diwan-i-Am, Diwani-i-Khas and the kings private palace.
The whole plan of palaces, courts, hall and gardens is contained
within a fortified wall forming an oblong of 3,100 ft (945.1m) x
1650ft (503 m ) with the military ancillaries located along and just
inside the fortified walls.
Almost all structures within the royal Delhi fort were in the form
of open pavilions in one storey, their facades of engrailed arches
shaded by wide eaves of chajjas above which was built a parapet.
From each corner of the building arose a graceful domed kiosk.
The architecture of Shajahanabad has been referred to as marble
tent architecture.
81
WAZIR KHAN MOSQUE
Date 1634-5
Style/Period Mughal
Century 17th
82
WAZIR KHAN MOSQUE
Arcaded
Faade- Brick
and glazed
tiles.
Large
gateway and
four
octagonal
minarets.
Overhanging
balconies
supported on
brackets.
Octagonal
tower finished
with pillared
pavilion,
topped by a
domical roof.
83
LAHORE FORT COMPLEX
Variant Shahi Qila
Names
Location Lahore, Pakistan
Client Akbar, Jehangir, Shah Fatehpur sikhri
Jahan, Aurengzeb
Date 1580 (Akbar),
1628,1634,1645 (Shah
Jahan)
Style/Perio Mughal
d
Centuries 16th, 17th
Building military
Type
Building fort
Usage
84
LAHORE FORT COMPLEX PLAN
85