Motivation

Presented by : Group B
Nabina Khatri
Romeena Shrestha
Veshraj katwal
 Motivational Theories

There are number of motivational theories

propounded by researchers,scholars, and
behavioural scientists. Among them some are
explained below :

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1. Need Hierarchy Theory

This theory is developed by well-known psychologist

Abraham Maslow. The theory is based on human
needs. He classified all human needs into a hierarchical
manner from lower to higher order.

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 Maslow's Need Hierarchy Theory is shown as below:

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 Physiological Needs: It includes the needs for air, water,
food, sex, rest, clothing, shelter etc. Physiological needs
are the basic of life. All the people first, search such needs
to be fulfilled.

Safety Needs: These needs simply the needs for self -

preservation and economic independence. These are the
needs of being free from physical danger, threats, and
deprivation.

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 Contd
Social Needs : Needs like association, affiliation,
belongings, friendship, love and affection are social
needs. These are the needs to affiliation and affection
of one's fellow being.

Esteem Needs: Esteem needs consist of such things as

self-confidence, self-respect, independence, power,
prestige, achievements, praise and status.

Self Actualization Needs : It involves self fulfillment

or achieving what one considers to be his mission in
life.
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2. Motivation-HygieneTheory

The psychological Frederick Herzberg has

propounded this theory known as Motivation-
Hygiene (Two Factor ) theory. He has conducted
widely reported motivational study to enquire the
factors that influence satisfaction and dissatisfaction
of employee at the job. He labels the job satisfiers as
motivators, and job dissatisfies as hygiene or
maintenance factors.

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Subject Name Code
Business organization Credit Hours
BBA1313 3

hygiene factors
work-related factors that can fulfill basic
needs and prevent job dissatisfaction
motivational factors
work-related factors that can lead to job
satisfaction and motivate employees
Subject Code:-BBA Psychology Credit Hours:- 3
NEED THEORY

Well known theory of

motivation as opposed to
hierarchy of needs or
satisfaction- dissatisfaction
is derived by DAVID MC
CLELLAND (1917-1998)
 Introduction

A Motivational model that attempts to explain how the needs for

achievement,power & affiliation affect the action of people.

proposed by psychologist "David McClelland"

Developed in the 1960s soon after Maslow's hierarchy of need in

1940s
THE"3"

The Need For Achievement

(nACH)

The Need For Power

(nPWR)

The Need For Affiliation

(nAFF)
 Need For Achievement
"It is the desire to do better solve problems or Master
complex problems"

The individual who possess this

need have following characteristics:-
They are Challenging.
They like working alone or with other
Achievers.
They are self motivated.
They like feedback to assess their
progress.
These Individuals will perform better
if money is linked with their
achievement.
 Need For Affiliation
"Desire for Friendly and warm relationship
with others

Individuals having this need

have following characteristics:-
They are concerned in "being
liked" and "being accepted".
They form informal relationship.
They are very Co-operative.
These people perform better in
teams.
 Need For Power
"It is the desire to Control & Influence the
Behaviours"

Individuals with this need have

following Characteristics;-
They like to control others.
They are argumentative.
They have abilities to influence
people.
These people are suitable for
Leadership goals.
 Strength of the Theory

o Provides a vivid picture for the organization and the
managers.

o Provides knowledge to know which type of job are

suitable for the employees. and who can make the
organization more successful.

o Provides an understanding for the managers on how to

deal with different types of employees.
 Weakness of the Theory

o servers little Purpose in

the public sectors.

o Clash between fairness

and demand of the
situation.
 Social psychology is the scientific study of how
people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are
influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied
presence of others.
 Introduction

When we talked about personality we talked

about similarities in behaviour between and
within individuals
Most social psychologists dont dispute these
individual differences but they realize the
importance of the situation
 Introduction

Social psychologists are concerned with how

we explains others behaviour and how
others behaviour affects us
May be as important as the individual
 Attribution Theory

Hieder (1958)
People attribute others behaviour to their
dispositions
Personality
Sometimes this is over course true, we do
have personalities after all
We overestimate the importance of
personality in others behaviour
 Might be better to change the
behaviour
The foot in the door phenomenon
How brainwashing worked during the Korean
War
Drive Carefully (Freedman and Frasier, 1966)
17 % put up big ugly sign
All did if they put up a little sign first
 Attribution Theory

We tend to do the other with us, so when we

do something we blame the situation
The fundamental attribution error
We have more data in essence
Attributions have big effects
Do you blame the person or the situation, and
then do you generalize.
 Attitudes

Attributions can affect, and are affected by

attributions
Attitudes are behaviours and feelings that
predispose us to react in a certain way to
Objects
Events
people
 Attitude change

Do we change the way people think?

Not necessarily
Attitudes guide actions if
Outside influences are minimal
Attitude is specifically related to the behaviour
Awareness of attitudes is important
Counter intuitive
 Social Influence

Funny how we do stuff if other people are eh?

UFOs
Political ideas
Social ideas
How does this happen?
 Cultural effects

Of course, in social psych cultural effects are

going to be huge
Different cultures have different norms
Personal space for example
There are cultural effects on gender roles,
though there are quite a few universals too
 Victims

They experience a few different things

Social inequality
Exclusion
scapegoating
 Aggression

There are genetic factors

There are biochemical factors
The frustration aggression hypothesis
Learning effects
 Conclusions

Social psychology is cool

Just because you think you know something,
does not mean you do, lots of counter-
intuitive data
The situation is important
The group is important
WE ARE DONE
THANK YOU
Any ?...