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IN CHILDREN
SEMESTER 2, 2017/18
Socio-emotional Development
2
Social Development
Child relationship with other people
Socialization Process
Emotional Development
Child ability to regulate and control emotions and to form secure
relationships.
Why important ?
it provides a foundation for social development, empathy towards
others and the resolution of conflicts without physical aggression.
Without it - children will be at risk of forming unhealthy attachment,
experience peer group rejection and suffers from mental illness.
What is Social Development?
3
The process of learning the skills & attitude of
living in a community that can assist children
(people) to live in peace, ie. The ability to
adapt - starts immediately as soon as a
child interact with other people around them.
Early interaction starts the bonding process between
baby & parents an important base for positive social
& emotional development.
What is Social Development?
Social Skills Socialization process
Able to understand other A process where children learn how
people feelings to interact/communicate with
Ability to meet, mix and others in an accepted way.
communicate with others. Every community have a set of
Ability to share, take turns accepted behavior :-
and obey rules Each member must follow
Survival
Communication mediator
Social moderator
Source of motivational behavior
Source of sadness and happiness
3 Things that can influence a child
emotions:
8
1. No self control
Convey their emotions in a hurried manner &
express their emotions without control
2. Not matured
No experience, do not understand about culture
or social values that emphasize on the importance
of contol pengawalan emosi.
3. Short attention span
Their attention can be easily shifted to other
things which to them are more interesting within
a very short time.
Socio-emotional development in
Infant & Toddlers
9
Discreet Emotion 10
Emotions that can be observed on ones facial expression
(mimik wajah) e.g. happiness, fear, sad, anger, surprise
Across every culture, infants show similar facial expressions
relating to basic emotions.
Self-awareness Emotion
The development of SELF. The roots of self-awareness i.e.
the knowledge of self, begin to grow around 12 months.
Empathy Emotion
Ability to understand and feel what others are
feeling/experiencing ie. ability to imagine what someone else
might be thinking or feeling.
Discreet Emotions Development Stages
Newborn - Discreet emotions is displayed through body gestures or
facial expressions (cry when hungry)
11 . Their emotions is an arousal
related to comfortable or uncomfortable feelings.
Before 3 months - response towards a certain arousal such as
uncomfortable feelings hunger/wet
3 mths - happy/content (smile at parents/ baby sitter), sad, angry,
surprise/shock) penjaga), duka, marah, terkejut, sedih.
6 mth - From sad develops into fear, disgusting, anger.
12 mth - From like develops into happiness (towards certain stimulus)
and love.
18 mth
From sad develop into jealousy,
From love able to distinguish love towards adult/ other children
24 mth
From Joy develops into happiness
Able to state their emotions, eg throw things when angry.
2-4 yrs
Beginning of fear timbul pelbagai perasaan takut
Self Awareness Emotion
(The Development of SELF)
12
Anxiety
Stranger anxiety
Separation anxiety
Attachment
Social Referencing
(Feeling What Others Feel)
16
Social Referencing (Rujukan Sosial)
is the intentional search for
information to help explain the
meaning of uncertain circumstances
and events (through modeling others,
mimicking expressions)
First occurs in infants at about 8-9
months.
Infants make particular use of facial
expressions in their social referencing.
Social referencing is most likely to occur
in uncertain and ambiguous situations.
Stranger Anxiety & SeparationAnxiety
17
STRANGER ANXIETY
the caution and wariness displayed by infants when encountering
an unfamiliar person.
Appears in in the second half of the first year.
Infants with more experience with strangers tend to show
less anxiety.
The same cognitive advances that allow infants to respond so
positively to those with whom they are familiar also means they are
able to recognize people who are unfamiliar.
Stranger Anxiety & SeparationAnxiety
18.
SEPARATION ANXIETY
is the distress displayed by infants when a
customary care provider departs
Starts slightly later than stranger anxiety
Usually begins about 8 or 9 months and peaks at
14 months
Largely attributable to the same cognitive skills as
stranger anxiety.
Socio-emotional Development:
Stranger & Separation Anxiety
19
Attachment
What is attachment?
Attachment
The most important form of social development that occurs
during infancy is Attachment, 25 ie. the positive emotional
bond that develops between a child and a particular
individual.
According to Bowlby (1969)
Attachment is a strong emotional bonding (loving
relationship) between individual with another person
Attachment is based on infant's needs for safety and security
(especially from the mother)
Attachment is very important because it can influence a
person future (success/failure) , inline with their cognitive,
social and emotional development.
Having a strong, firm attachment provides a safe base from
which the child can gain independence.
Types of Attachment Behavior
26
Attachment
To understand attachment, ealier researchers
studied bonds between parents 27 & children in the
animal kingdom
Lorenz studied imprinting in animals, the rapid,
innate learning that takes place during a critical
period and involves attachment to the first
moving object observed. (experiment on geese).
In child development imprinting refers to the
process by which a baby learns who its mother
and father are. Beginning in the womb, when the
unborn baby starts to recognize its parents'
voices.
Freud suggested that attachment grew out of a
mother's ability to satisfy a child's oral needs.
Attachment: Harlow Research
Harlow Research Baby &28mumy
monkey
Mum A covered with wire,
produce food (milk)
Mum B covered with terry cloth
Findings:-
In spite of the fact that the wire
monkey provided food, the infant
monkeys preferred clinging to the
warm, terry cloth monkey.
WHY???????
PRESCHOOL YEARS
Attachment and Later Development
WHY IS ATTACHMENT IMPORTANT?
37
Middle childhood
Based on:
Observable characteristics
Appearance
Possessions
Behavior
Understanding of others
emotions increasingly accurate
Emotional self-regulation
improves
More self-conscious emotions
(shame, guilt) as self-concept
develops
Empathy, sympathy, and
prosocial behavior increase
Cognitive Development and
Emotional Understanding
47
Caregivers:
Label and explain emotions
Scaffold emotional thought
58
Big fish in a
small pond
This explains why some students in elementary school
have very high self esteem even though they are in the
last class).
Eriksons :Industry vs Inferiority
According to Erik Erikson, middle
62 childhood encompasses the
INDUSTRY-VERSUS-INFERIORITY STAGE, the period
from ages 6 to 12 characterized by a focus on efforts to attain
competence in meeting the challenges presented by parents,
peers, school, and the other complexities of the modern world.
Eriksons :Industry vs Inferiority
School and social interaction
63
play an important role
during this time of a childs life.
Through social interactions, children begin to develop a
sense of pride in their accomplishments and abilities
Children become capable of performing increasingly
complex tasks they strive to master new skills.
Children who are encouraged and commended by
parents and teachers develop a feeling of
competence and belief in their skills.
Those who receive little or no encouragement from
parents, teachers or peers will doubt their ability to be
successful.
Self esteem: Evaluating the self
64
66
Relationships in Middle Childhood:
Building Friendships67
Direct Indirect
Arrange informal
Secure attachment
peer activities
Guidance on how to
act toward others Emotionally expressive,
supportive
communication
Behaviors favored in friends during middle childhood
71
Least-liked Most-liked
Verbal aggression Sense of humor
Dishonesty Nice/friendly
Critical Helpful
Greedy/bossy Complementary
Teasing Sharing
Physical aggression Loyalty
What makes a child popular during middle
childhood?
72
Popular children have SOCIAL COMPETENCE, i.e.
the collection of individual social skills that allow individuals to be successful
in a social settings.
Common characteristics of popular children
They are helpful and cooperative.
They have a good sense of humor.
They have good emotional understanding.
They ask for help when necessary.
They are not overly reliant on others.
They can adapt to social situations.