Database Management Systems

Chapter 4
Queries

Jerry Post
Copyright 2007
1
D Objectives
A
Why do you need a query language?
T What are the main tasks of a query language?

A What is the basic structure of a query?

What tables and columns are used in the Pet Store?
B How do you write queries for a specific DBMS?
How do you create a basic query?
A What types of computations can be performed in

S SQL?
How do you compute subtotals?
E How do you use multiple tables in a query?

2
D Why do we Need Queries
A
Natural languages (English) are too vague
T With complex questions, it can be hard to verify that the
question was interpreted correctly, and that the answer we
A received is truly correct.
Consider the question: Who are our best customers?
B We need a query system with more structure
We need a standardized system so users and
A developers can learn one method that works on any
(most) systems.
S Query By Example (QBE)
SQL
E
3
D Four Questions to Create a Query
A
What output do you want to see?
T What do you already know (or what constraints are

A given)?
What tables are involved?
B How are the tables joined together?

A
S
E
4
D Joining Tables
A Sales
SaleID
SaleDate
Customer
CustomerID
LastName

T
CustomerID FirstName
Phone

A
SaleID SaleDate CustomerID CustomerID LastName FirstName Phone
1 5/1 1 1 Jones Mary 111-2222
2 5/1 2 2 Smith Marta 222-3333

B 3
4
5/2
5/2
4
1
3
4
Jackson
Smith
Miguel
Mark
444-2222
555-5662

A SaleID SaleDate CustomerID CustomerID LastName FirstName Phone

S 1
2
5/1
5/1
1
2
1
2
Jones
Smith
Mary
Marta
111-2222
222-3333

E
3 5/2 4 4 Smith Mark 555-5662
4 5/2 1 1 Jones Mary 111-2222

5
D Sales
Customer Cross Join (Bad)
SaleID

A SaleDate
CustomerID
CustomerID
LastName
FirstName

T
Phone

SaleID SaleDate CustomerID CustomerID LastName FirstName Phone

1 Jones Mary 111-2222

A
1 5/1 1
2 5/1 2 2 Smith Marta 222-3333

3 5/2 4 3 Jackson Miguel 444-2222

B 4 5/2

SaleID
1

SaleDate CustomerID
4

CustomerID
Smith

LastName
Mark

FirstName
555-5662

Phone

A 1
1
5/1
5/1
1
1
1
2
Jones
Smith
Mary
Marta
111-2222
222-3333

S 1
1
5/1
5/1
1
1
3
4
Jackson
Smith
Miguel
Mark
444-2222
555-5662
2 5/1 2 1 Jones Mary 111-2222

E 2
2
5/1
5/1
2
2
2
3
Smith
Jackson
Marta
Miguel
222-3333
444-2222
2 5/1 2 4 Smith Mark 555-5662
8 more rows 6
D Tables Animal

A
AnimalOrder Animal AnimalID
OrderItem Name SaleAnimal
OrderID * * *
OrderID Category
OrderDate * SaleID
AnimalID Breed
* ReceiveDate AnimalID
Cost Breed * DateBorn

T
SupplierID * SalePrice
Gender
ShippingCost Category
Registered
EmployeeID * Breed
Color
Employee
ListPrice
Supplier Customer

A
EmployeeID Photo
SupplierID LastName CustomerID
Name City FirstName Sale Phone
ContactName Phone FirstName
CityID SaleID
Phone Address LastName
ZipCode SaleDate

B
Address ZipCode * Address
City EmployeeID
ZipCode * CityID ZipCode
State CustomerID * *
CityID TaxPayerID CityID
AreaCode SalesTax
* DateHired Category
Population1990
DateReleased

A
Population1980 Category
Country Registration
SaleItem
Latitude
*
Longitude Merchandise SaleID
OrderItem
ItemID
* ItemID

S
Merchandise PONumber * Quantity
* Description
Order ItemID SalePrice
QuantityOnHand
Quantity
PONumber ListPrice
Cost
OrderDate Category
ReceiveDate *

E *
SupplierID
EmployeeID
ShippingCost *

7
D Organization
A
Single table
T Constraints

A Computations
Groups/Subtotals
B Multiple Tables

A
S
E
8
D Sample Questions
A Which cats were born after June 1?
List the animals by category and
T
breed.
List the categories of animals that
are in the Animal list.
A Which dogs have a list price greater
than $250?
Which cats have black in their
B
color?
List cats excluding those that are
registered or have red in their color.
A List all dogs who are male and
registered or who were born before
01-June-2007 and have white in
S
their color.
What is the extended value (price *
quantity) for sale items on sale 24?
E
What is the average sale price of
animals?
What is the total value of order
number 22?
How many animals were sold in
each category?
How many animals were sold in
each category with total sales more
than 10?
How many animals born after June
1 were sold in each category with
total sales more than 10?
List the CustomerID of everyone
who bought something between
April 1, 2007 and May 31, 2007.
List the names of everyone who
bought something between April 1,
2007 and May 31, 2007.
List the name and phone number of
anyone who bought a registered
white cat between two given dates
9
D Query04_Fig06

Query By Example & SQL

A Animal
AnimalID

T Name
Category
Breed

A DateBorn
Gender What animals were born after August 1?

B Field
Table
AnimalID Name
Animal
Category DateBorn
Animal Animal Animal

A Sort
Criteria >01-Aug-2007

S Or

SELECT AnimalID, Name, Category, Breed

E
FROM Animal
WHERE DateBorn > 01-Aug-2007;

10
D Basic SQL SELECT
A
T SELECT columns
FROM tables
What do you want to see?
What tables are involved?
A JOIN conditions How are the tables joined?

B WHERE criteria What are the constraints?

A
S
E
11
D ORDER BY
A SELECT
FROM
columns
tables
JOIN join columns
T WHERE
ORDER BY
conditions
columns (ASC DESC)

A Animal SELECT Name, Category, Breed Name Category Breed

Cathy Bird African Grey
B
AnimalID FROM Animal
Name ORDER BY Category, Breed; Bird Canary
Category Debbie Bird Cockatiel
Breed Bird Cockatiel
A DateBorn
Gender
Terry Bird
Bird
Lovebird
Other
Charles Bird Parakeet
S
Field Name Category Breed
Table Animal Animal Animal
Curtis Bird Parakeet
Ruby Bird Parakeet
Sort Ascending Ascending
Sandy Bird Parrot
E Criteria
Or
Hoyt Bird
Bird
Parrot
Parrot

12
D DISTINCT
A SELECT Category
FROM Animal;
SELECT DISTINCT Category
FROM Animal;

T Category
Fish
Category
Bird

A
Dog Cat
Fish Dog
Cat Fish
B Cat
Dog
Fish
Mammal
Reptile

A
Spider
Dog
Dog

S
Dog
Fish
Cat

E Dog
...

13
D
Query04_Fig10

Constraints: And
A Animal
AnimalID

T Name
Category
Breed
Which dogs have a list price
greater than $250?.

A DateBorn
Gender

B
Field AnimalID Name Category ListPrice
Table Animal Animal Animal Animal
Sort

A Criteria
Or
Dog >250

S SELECT AnimalID, Category, DateBorn

FROM Animal

E
WHERE Category-Dog AND ListPrice>250;

14
D
Query04_Fig11

Pattern Matching
A Animal
AnimalID

T Name
Category
Breed
Which cats have black in their color?

A DateBorn
Gender

B
Field AnimalID Name Category Color
Table Animal Animal Animal Animal
Sort

A Criteria
Or
Cat LIKE %Black%

S SELECT AnimalID, Name, Category, Color

E FROM Animal
WHERE Category=Cat AND Color LIKE %Black%;

15
D Boolean Algebra a=3

A And: Both must be true.

Or: Either one is true.
b = -1
c=2
T Not: Reverse the value.
(a > 4) And (b < 0)
A a
T
b
T
a AND b
T
a OR b
T
F
F
T

B T
F
F
T
F
F
T
T
(a > 4) Or (b < 0)
F T
A F F F F T

S NOT (b < 0)
T
E F

16
D Boolean Algebra
A The result is affected by the order
of the operations. a=3
T Parentheses indicate that an
operation should be performed first.
b = -1

A With no parentheses, operations are c=2

performed left-to-right.
( (a > 4) AND (b < 0) ) OR (c > 1)
B F
F
T T
T
A T

S Always use parentheses,

(a > 4) AND ( (b < 0) OR (c > 1) )
F T T
so other people can read
E
F T
and understand your query. F

17
D
Query04_Fig15

DeMorgans Law Example

A Animal
AnimalID

T Name
Category
Breed
Customer: "I want to look at a cat, but I
dont want any cats that are registered
or that have red in their color."

A DateBorn
Gender

B
Field AnimalID Category Registered Color
Table Animal Animal Animal Animal
Sort

A Criteria
Or
Cat Is Null Not Like %Red%

S SELECT AnimalID, Category, Registered, Color

FROM Animal

E
WHERE (Category=Cat) AND
NOT ((Registered is NOT NULL)
OR (Color LIKE %Red%)).

18
D DeMorgans Law
A Negation of clauses
Not (A And B) becomes

T Not A Or Not B
Not (A Or B) becomes Registered=ASCF
Not A And Not B Color=Black
A NOT ((Registered is NOT NULL) OR (Color LIKE %Red%))

B T
not
or
T
F

A F
(Registered is NULL) AND NOT (Color LIKE %Red%)

S F
and
not
T
F

E F

19
D
Query04_Fig16

Conditions: And, Or
A Animal
AnimalID
Name

T
List all dogs who are male and registered or who were
Category born before 6/1/2007 and have white in their color.
Breed
DateBorn

A Field
Gender

AnimalID Category Gender Registered DateBorn Color

B Table
Sort
Animal Animal Animal Animal Animal Animal

A
Criteria Dog Male Is Not Null
Or Dog < 01-Jun-2004 Like %White%

S
SELECT AnimalID, Category, Gender, Registered, DateBorn, Color
FROM Animal
WHERE (( Category=Dog) AND
( ( (Gender=Male) AND (Registered Is Not Null) ) OR

E ( (DateBorn<01-Jun-2007) AND (Color Like %White%) ) ) );

20
D Useful Where Conditions
A Comparisons Examples
T Operators <, =, >, <>, >= BETWEEN, LIKE, IN
Numbers AccountBalance > 200
A Text
Simple Name > Jones
B Pattern match one
Pattern match any
License LIKE A_ _82_
Name LIKE J%
A Dates SaleDate BETWEEN 15-Aug-2007
AND 31-Aug-2007
S Missing Data City IS NULL

E Negation
Sets
Name IS NOT NULL
Category IN (Cat, Dog, Hamster)

21
D
Query04_Fig20

Simple Computations
A SaleItem(SaleID, ItemID, SalePrice, Quantity)
T Select SaleID, ItemID, SalePrice, Quantity,
SalePrice*Quantity As Extended
A From SaleItem;
SaleID ItemID Price Quantity Extended
B 24
24
25
26
2.70
5.40 2
3 8.10
10.80

A 24 27 31.50 1 31.50

S
E Basic computations (+ - * /) can be performed on numeric data.
The new display column should be given a meaningful name.

28
D
Query04_Fig21

Computations: Aggregation--Avg
A What is the average sale price of all animals?

T SaleAnimal
SaleID
Sum
Avg

A AnimalID
SalePrice
Min
Max
Count

B Field
Table
SalePrice
SaleAnimal
StDev or
StdDev
Var

A Total
Sort
Avg

S Criteria
Or

E SELECT Avg(SalePrice) AS AvgOfSalePrice

FROM SaleAnimal;

29
D
Query04_Fig22

Computations (Math Operators)

A OrderItem

T PONumber SELECT Sum(Quantity*Cost) AS OrderTotal

ItemID FROM OrderItem
Quantity WHERE (PONumber=22);

A
Cost

Field PONumber OrderTotal: Quantity*Cost

B Table
Total
OrderItem OrderItem

OrderTotal

A
Sort
1798.28
Criteria =22
Or

S What is the total value of the order for PONumber 22?

E Use any common math operators on numeric data.
Operate on data in one row at a time.

30
D Task Access
SQL Differences
SQL Server Oracle

A Strings
Concatenation
Length
FName & &
LName
Len(LName)
FName + + LName
Length(LName)
Upper(LName)
FName || || LName
LENGTH(LName)
UPPER(LName)

T Upper case
Lower case
Partial string
UCase(LName)
LCase(LName)
MID(LName,2,3)
Lower(LName)
Substring(LName,2,3)
LOWER(LName)
SUBSTR(LName,2,3)

A Dates
Today
Month
Date( ), Time( ), Now(
)
Month(myDate)
GetDate()
DateName(month,
myDate)
SYSDATE
TRUNC(myDate, mm)
TRUNC (myDate, dd)

B
Day Day(myDate) DatePart(day, myDate) TRUNC (myDate, yyyy)
Year Year(myDate) DatePart(year, myDate) ADD_MONTHS
Date DateAdd DateAdd MONTHS_BETWEEN
arithmetic DateDiff DateDiff LAST_DAY

A Formatting Format(item, format) Str(item, length, decimal)

Cast, Convert
TO_CHAR(item, format)
TO_DATE(item, format)

S
Numbers Cos, Sin, Tan, Sqrt Cos, Sin, Tan, Sqrt COS, SIN, TAN, SQRT
Math functions 2^3 Power(2, 3) POWER(2,3)
Exponentiation Min, Max, Sum, Min, Max, Sum, Count, MIN, MAX, SUM,
Aggregation Count, Avg, StDev, Var, COUNT,

E Statistics Avg StDev, Var LinReqSlope, Correlation AVG, STDDEV,

VARIANCE,
REGR, CORR

31
D
Query04_Fig24a

Subtotals (Where)
A
T Animal
AnimalID
SELECT Count(AnimalID) AS CountOfAnimalID

A
Name
Category FROM Animal
Breed WHERE (Category = Cat);
DateBorn

B Field
Gender

AnimalID Category

A
Table Animal Animal
Total Count Where
Sort

S Criteria
Or
Cat

E How many cats are in the Animal list?

32
D
Query04_Fig24

Animal Groups and Subtotals

A AnimalID
Name
Category

T
Breed
DateBorn
Gender Category CountOfAnimalID
Dog 100

A Field
Table
Category
Animal
AnimalID
Animal
Cat
Bird
Fish
47
15
14

B
Total Group By Count Reptile 6
Sort Descending Mammal 6
Spider 3
Criteria

A Or

S
SELECT Category, Count(AnimalID) AS CountOfAnimalID
FROM Animal
GROUP BY Category
ORDER BY Count(AnimalID) DESC;

E Count the number of animals in each category.

You could type in each WHERE clause, but that is slow.
And you would have to know all of the Category values. 33
D
Query04_Fig25

Animal
Conditions on Totals (Having)
A AnimalID
Name
Category
Dog
CountOfAnimalID
100
Category

T
Cat 47
Breed Bird 15
DateBorn Fish 14
Gender

A Field Category AnimalID

Count number of Animals in
Table Animal Animal

B Total
Sort
Group By Count
Descending
each Category, but only list
them if more than 10.

A Criteria
Or
>10

S SELECT
FROM
GROUP BY
Category, Count(AnimalID) AS CountOfAnimalID
Animal
Category

E HAVING
ORDER BY
Count(AnimalID) > 10
Count(AnimalID) DESC;

34
D
Query04_Fig26

Animal
Where (Detail) v Having (Group)
A AnimalID
Name CategoryCountOfAnimalID

T
Category Dog 30
Breed Cat 18
DateBorn
Gender

A Field
Table
Category
Animal
AnimalID
Animal
DateBorn
Animal
Count Animals born
after 6/1/2007 in
each Category, but
B Total
Sort
Group By Count
Descending
Where only list Category
if more than 10.

A Criteria
Or
>10 >01-Jun-2007

S SELECT
FROM
WHERE
Category, Count(AnimalID) AS CountOfAnimalID
Animal
DateBorn > 01-Jun-2007

E GROUP BY
HAVING
ORDER BY
Category
Count(AnimalID) > 10
Count(AnimalID) DESC;

35
D
Query04_Fig27

Multiple Tables (Intro & Distinct)

A Sale
SaleID List the CustomerID of everyone
CustomerID
6
SaleDate

T
who bought something between 8
EmployeeID
CustomerID
01-Apr-2004 and 31-May-2004. 14
SalesTax 19

A Field
Table
CustomerID SaleDate
Sale Sale
22
24
28

B Sort
Criteria
Ascending
Between 01-Apr-2007
36
37
38

A
And 31-May-2007 39
Or 42
50

S SELECT DISTINCT CustomerID

FROM Sale
WHERE (SaleDate Between 01-Apr-2007
57
58
63

E
And 31-May-2007) 74
ORDER BY CustomerID; 80
90

36
D
Query04_Fig28

Joining Tables
A SaleID
Sale Customer
CustomerID CustomerID LastName

T SaleDate Phone 22 Adkins

EmployeeID FirstName 57 Carter
CustomerID LastName 38 Franklin

A
42 Froedge
Field CustomerID LastName SaleDate 63 Grimes
74 Hinton
Table Sale Customer Sale
36 Holland

B Sort
Criteria
Ascending
Between 01-Apr-2007
6
50
58
Hopkins
Lee
McCain
And 31-May-2007

A Or

S
SELECT DISTINCT Sale.CustomerID, Customer.LastName
FROM Customer
INNER JOIN Sale ON Customer.CustomerID = Sale.CustomerID
WHERE (SaleDate Between 01-Apr-2007 And 31-May-2007)

E ORDER BY Customer.LastName;

List LastNames of Customers who bought

37
between 4/1/2004 and 5/31/2004.
D SQL JOIN
A FROM table1

T
INNER JOIN table2
ON table1.column = table2.column

A SQL 92/Current syntax

FROM table1, table2
B WHERE table1.column = table2.column

A SQL 89 syntax (Oracle)

S FROM table1, table2

JOIN table1.column = table2.column

E Informal syntax

38
D Syntax for Three Tables
A SQL 92 syntax to join three tables

T FROM Table1
INNER JOIN Table2

A ON Table2.ColA = Table3.ColA
INNER JOIN Table3

B ON Table1.ColB = Table2.ColB

A Easier notation, but not correct syntax

FROM Table1, Table2, Table3

S JOIN Table1.ColB = Table2.ColB

Table2.ColA = Table3.ColA

E
39
 Query04_Fig30

D Multiple Tables (Many)

A
Animal SaleAnimal Sale Customer
AnimalID SaleID SaleID CustomerID
Name AnimalID SaleDate Phone

T
Category SalePrice EmployeeID FirstName
Breed CustomerID LastName

Field LastName Phone Category Registered Color SaleDate

A
Table
Sort
Customer
Ascending
Customer Animal Animal Animal Sale

B
Criteria Cat Is Not Null Like %White% Between 01-Jun-2007
And 31-Dec-2007

A
Or

SELECT Customer.LastName, Customer.Phone

FROM Customer

S INNER JOIN Sale ON Customer.CustomerID=Sale.CustomerID

INNER JOIN SaleAnimal ON Sale.SaleID=SaleAnimal.SaleID
INNER JOIN Animal ON SaleAnimal.AnimalID=Animal.AnimalID

E WHERE ((Animal.Category=Cat) AND (Animal.Registered Is Not Null)

AND (Color Like %White%) AND (SaleDate Between 01-Jun-2007 And 31-Dec-2007));

List the Last Name and Phone of anyone who bought a

40
registered White cat between 6/1/2007 and 12/31/2007.
D Oracle
A select lastname, phone

T from customer inner join sale on customer.customerid = sale.customerid

inner join saleanimal on sale.saleid = saleanimal.saleid

A inner join animal on saleanimal.animalid = animal.animalid

where (category = 'Cat') and (Registered is not null) and (color like
B '%White%')
AND (saledate between '01-Jun-2004' and '31-Dec-2004')
A ;

S
E
41
D Building a Query
A List the Last Name and Phone of anyone who bought a registered
White cat between 6/1/04 and 12/31/04.

T Identify the tables involved.

Look at the columns you want to see.
LastName, Phone: Customer
A Look at the columns used in the constraints.
Registered, Color, Category: Animal

B Sale Date: Sale

Find connector tables.

A
To connect Animal to Sale: SaleAnimal
Select the desired columns and test the query.

S

Enter the constraints.
Set Order By columns.

E

Add Group By columns.
Add summary computations to the SELECT statement.

42
D Joining Tables (Hints)
A Build Relationships First Multiple Tables
T Drag and drop
From one side to many side
FROM (Table1
INNER JOIN Table2

A Avoid multiple ties between

tables
ON T1.ColA = T2.ColB )
INNER JOIN Table3
SQL ON T3.ColC = T3.ColD

B FROM Table1
INNER JOIN Table2
Shorter Notation
FROM T1, T2, T3

A ON Table1.ColA = Table2.ColB
Join columns are often keys, but
JOIN T1.ColA = T2.ColB
T1.ColC = T3.ColD
Shorter Notation is not correct
S
they can be any columns--as
long as the domains (types of syntax, but it is easier to write.
data) match.

E
43
D Tables with Multiple Joins
A Potential problem with three or more tables.
Access uses predefined relationships to automatically
T determine JOINs.
JOINS might loop. AnimalOrder

A
OrderID
Most queries will not work with loops. OrderDate
ReceiveDate
SupplierID
ShippingCost

B
EmployeeID
A query with these four tables with
Supplier
four JOINS would only return 1 1
Employee
SupplierID
EmployeeID
rows where the Employee had the
A
Name
LastName
ContactName
same ZipCode as the Supplier. If Phone
City
FirstName
Phone
Address
you only need the Supplier city, ZipCode CityID
Address
ZipCode

S
CityID ZipCode
just delete the JOIN between City
CityID
TaxPayerID
Employee and ZipCode. If you State
AreaCode
DateHired
DateReleased
want both cities, add the ZipCode Population1990

E
Population1980
table again as a fifth table. Country
Latitude
Longitude

44
D Table Alias
A CityID
City Supplier
SupplierID
AnimalOrder
OrderDate
Employee
EmployeeID
City2
CityID

T
ZipCode Address SupplierID LastName ZipCode
City ZipCode ShippingCost ZipCode City
State CityID EmployeeID CityID State

A SELECT Supplier.SID, Supplier.CityID, City.City, Employee.EID,

Employee.LastName, Employee.CityID, City2.City
FROM (City INNER JOIN Supplier ON City.CityID = Supplier.CityID) INNER JOIN
B ((City AS City2 INNER JOIN Employee ON City2.CityID = Employee.CityID)
INNER JOIN AnimalOrder ON Employee.EmployeeID = AnimalOrder.EmployeeID)
ON Supplier.SupplierID = AnimalOrder.SupplierID;
A SID Supplier.CityID City.City EID LastName Employee.CityID City2.City

S
4 7972 Middlesboro 5 James 7083 Orlando
2 10896 Springfield 1 Reeves 9201 Lincoln
4 7972 Middlesboro 3 Reasoner 8313 Springfield
9 10740 Columbia 8 Carpenter 10592 Philadelphia

E 5 10893 Smyrna 3 Reasoner 8313 Springfield

45
D Saved Query: Create View
A
Save a query
T Faster: only enter once
Faster: only analyze once
CREATE VIEW Kittens AS
SELECT *

A Any SELECT statement

Can use the View within
FROM Animal
WHERE (Category = Cat) AND

B other SQL queries. (Today - DateBorn < 180);

A SELECT Avg(ListPrice)

S FROM Kittens
WHERE (Color LIKE %Black%);

E
46
D Query04_Fig36

Updateable Views
A
T
SaleItem(SaleID, ItemID, Quantity) Merchandise(ItemID, Description)

A SaleLine(SaleID, ItemID, Description, Quantity)

B To be updateable, a view must focus on one primary

table. (OrderItem)
A Goal is to change data in only one table. (OrderItem)
Data can be displayed from other tables. (Item)

S Never include or attempt to change primary keys from

more than one table. (Item.ItemID)

E
47
 Query04_Fig37

D Non Updateable View

A SaleItem(SaleID, ItemID, Quantity)

121 57 3
Merchandise(ItemID, Description)

57 Cat food
T 121
122
82
57
2
1
58
59
Dog food
Bird food

A
B SaleLine(SaleID, Item.ItemID, Description, Quantity)
121 57 Cat food 3

A 121
122
82
57
32
Bird feeder
Cat food
2
1

S If you attempt to change the Item.ItemID in the OrderLineView:

You will simply change the primary key value in the Item table.
E It will not add a new row to the OrderItem table.

48
D SQL Syntax: ALTER TABLE
A ALTER TABLE table
T ADD COLUMN column datatype (size)
DROP COLUMN column
A
B
A
S See also:
CREATE TABLE

E DROP TABLE

49
D SQL Syntax: COMMIT
A COMMIT WORK
T
A
B
A
S See also: ROLLBACK

E
50
D SQL Syntax: CREATE INDEX
A CREATE [UNIQUE] INDEX index
T ON table (column1, column2, )
WITH {PRIMARY | DISALLOW NULL | IGNORE NULL}
A
B
A
S See also: CREATE TABLE

E
51
D SQL Syntax: CREATE TABLE
A CREATE TABLE table
T (
column1 datatype (size) [NOT NULL] [index1] ,
A column2
,
datatype (size) [NOT NULL] [index2],

B CONSTRAINT pkname PRIMARY KEY (column, ),

CONSTRAINT fkname FOREIGN KEY (column)

A
REFERENCES existing_table (key_column)
ON DELETE CASCASDE
)
S See also:
ALTER TABLE

E DROP TABLE

52
D SQL Syntax: CREATE VIEW
A CREATE VIEW viewname AS
T SELECT

A
B
A
S See also: SELECT

E
53
D SQL Syntax: DELETE
A DELETE
T FROM table
WHERE condition
A
B
A
S See also: DROP

E
54
D SQL Syntax: DROP
A DROP INDEX index ON table
T DROP TABLE
A DROP VIEW

B
A
S See also: DELETE

E
55
D SQL Syntax: INSERT
A INSERT INTO table (column1, column2, )
T VALUES (value1, value2, )

A INSERT INTO newtable (column1, column2, )

SELECT

B
A
S See also: SELECT

E
56
D SQL Syntax: GRANT
A GRANT privilege privileges
T ON object
TO user | PUBLIC
ALL, ALTER, DELETE, INDEX,
INSERT, SELECT, UPDATE

A
B
A
S See also: REVOKE

E
57
D SQL Syntax: REVOKE
A REVOKE privilege privileges
T ON object
FROM user | PUBLIC
ALL, ALTER, DELETE, INDEX,
INSERT, SELECT, UPDATE

A
B
A
S See also: GRANT

E
58
D SQL Syntax: ROLLBACK
A SAVEPOINT savepoint {optional}
T ROLLBACK WORK
A TO savepoint

B
A
S See also: COMMIT

E
59
D SQL Syntax: SELECT
A SELECT DISTINCT table.column {AS alias} , . . .
FROM table/query
T INNER JOIN table/query ON T1.ColA = T2.ColB
WHERE (condition)

A GROUP BY column
HAVING (group condition)

B ORDER BY table.column
{ UNION, INTERSECT, EXCEPT }

A
S
E
60
D SQL Syntax: SELECT INTO
A SELECT column1, column2,
T INTO newtable
FROM tables
A WHERE condition

B
A
S See also: SELECT

E
61
D SQL Syntax: UPDATE
A UPDATE TABLE table
T SET column1 = value1, column2 = value2,
WHERE condition
A
B
A
S See also: DELETE

E
62