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Water ..
It is an inetrdisciplinary geoscience.
Hydrology is concerned with:
Water availability
Rainfall-Runoff relationships
Groundwater recharge
Soil moisture status
Agriculture
Water quality
Floods and flood plain management
Drought
Industry
Navigation
Urbanization
The Global Water Budget
Hydrologic Cycle
% mm % mm % mm
Total precipitation 100 500 - 1500 100 200 - 500 100 0 - 200
Groundwater
~ 33 165 - 495 ~ 20 40 - 100 ~1 0-2
recharge
Outlet/Mouth
Defining a Watershed
Defining a watershed is
generally referred to as
delineating the watershed.
Watershed can be
delineated, using the
contours, for the indicated
watershed outlet.
The functions of a catchment/watershed
captures precipitation
stores water once it infiltrates into soil
slowly releases water into rivers, and oceans
Precipitation
Interception
Evapo-transpiration
Infiltration
Runoff
Deep Percolation
Precipitation
magnitude (P)
expressed as depth
intensity (p)
rate of rainfall per hour
frequency, F (return period, T)
frequency of occurrence of a rainfall
T = 1/F e.g. 10 yr storm, 100 yr storm
duration (t)
spatial distribution (isohyets)
estimated from point measurements
25
20
15
Precipitation
(mm)
10
5
Hyetograph
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Time (hours)
Isohyetal Map
Major Climatic Zones (FAO, 1986)
(as per rainfall characteristics)
Frontal:
when a cold air mass collides with a warm air mass
Convective:
when moist, warm air heats near ground surface,
it warms, rises, cools, and releases its moisture
Orographic:
when moist air is forced upward over mountains,
it cools, releasing its moisture as rain or snow.
Cyclones:
when a self-sustaining low pressure system
develops in the tropics.
Different mechanisms
cause air masses to lift
and cooling, resulting in
precipitation.
Rainfall Measurement
Evaporation Transpiration
Sub-processes in ET
Evaporation Process
Estimation of ET
Energy balance and Mass Balance Approach
Catchment water balance
Soil water balance
Lysimeters
Infiltration rate
The actual amount of water entering the soil per
unit time (average rate over a finite time period).
Infiltration capacity
Maximum amount of water per unit time which
a given soil profile can absorb when it is maintained
in contact with water at atmospheric pressure.
It is a soil property.
Infiltration Process in Different Soils
A curve denoting infiltration rate or cumulative depth of water
infiltrated against time is called an infiltration curve.
f f (f f )e kt
i c o c
Measurement of Infiltration
Arial Measurement
Hydrograph Method
Rain simulator (Sprinkler infiltrometer)
Point Measurements
Infiltrometer
- single, double, self-recording
Permeameters
Permeameter
Measuring infiltration
Guelph Permeameter
Infiltration Equations fi infiltration rate at time t
fc final infiltration rate
f f (f f )e kt
f0 initial infiltration rate
Horton i c o c k is a parameter
i infiltration rate
Green-Ampt i = a + b/I I cum. infiltration
a, b parameters
I cum. Infiltration at t
Philips I = S t0.5 + At S Sorptivity (cm/h1/2)
T time
A parameter
Lag time
Time of concentration
Base flow
Runoff Hydrograph
www.aquatic.uoguelph.ca/rivers/chphys.htm
Runoff Hydrograph
1800
1600
Discharge in Cumecs
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
1 31 61 91 121 151 181 211 241 271 301 331 361
Days (water year 1982-83)
Continuous Hydrograph
Runoff Generation
Velocity Measurement
Current Meter
Rating curve
Broad Crested Weir
Trapezoidal Flume
AWLR
Impervious cover and runoff ...
Empirical Equations
Envelope Curves
Unit Hydrograph Methods
SCS Runoff Curve Number Method
Rainfall Runoff Models
Runoff Coefficient
% of Precipitation that appears as Runoff (=Q/P)
Forested 0.06-0.20
Asphalt 0.70-0.95
Concrete 0.80-0.95
Farmland/pasture 0.05-0.30
0.8
2
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.3
1
0.2
0.1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
0
Deep Percolation
I O = S
For a catchment:
P Q G ET S = 0
P = precipitation
Q = stream discharge
G = Groundwater discharge
ET = Evapotranspiration
S = Change in storage
Groundwater Balance
Rr + Rc + Ri + Rt + Si + Ig = Et + Tp + Se + Og + S
where,
Rr = recharge from rainfall
Rc = recharge from canal seepage
Ri = recharge from field irrigation
Rt = recharge from tanks
Si = influent seepage from rivers
Ig = groundwater inflow
Et = evapo-transpiration from groundwater
Tp = draft from groundwater
Se = effluent seepage to rivers
Og = groundwater outflow
S = change in groundwater storage
Water Quality
industries
urban infrastructure
agriculture
leaking underground storage tanks
landfills and dumps
discharges from abandoned mines
deliberate or accidental pollution incidents
Groundwater Contamination
Implementation of water pollution prevention
strategies and restoration of ecological systems are
integral components of all development plans.
harvesting of rainwater
its recharge into the soil
reduction in its use
reuse of used/wasted water