Worksite Hazard Analysis

Presented By: Thomas Dean

Georgia Tech
 Objectives
Discuss the sub elements of worksite hazard
analysis
Identify typical hazards in the workplace
Review various techniques that can be used
to identify hazards in the workplace
 Hazards Vs. Unsafe Behavior
Unsafe behavior sometimes leads to unsafe
conditions that can cause accidents.
Consider Maintenance Operations
Unsafe behaviors may show weakness in the
safety management system.
 Effective Worksite Analysis
Worksite analysis involves a variety of worksite
examinations, to identify not only existing
hazards, but also conditions and operations
where changes might occur to create hazards
Effective management actively analyzes the work
and the worksite to anticipate and prevent
harmful occurrences
Plan for Worksite Analysis
Comprehensive Facility
Surveys
Change Analysis
Routine Job Hazard
Analysis (JHA)
Periodic and Daily
Inspections
 Comprehensive Survey
Comprehensive surveys should be performed
depending on the business size and
hazardousness every 1-3 years
Resources for comprehensive survey: private
consultants, insurance company, and state
funded programs
 Change Analysis
Change analysis is simply the management of
change in the work environment.
Changes in the following items need to be reviewed:
Facilities
Materials
Process Technology
Equipment
 Change Analysis
A competent team consisting of managers,
engineers, superintendents and employees
should be involved
How can you best manage change in the
work environment?
 Job Hazard Analysis
A job hazard analysis is a technique that focuses on
job tasks as a way to identify hazards before they
occur.
It focuses on the relationship between the worker, the
task, the tools, and the work environment.
After uncontrolled hazards are identified, take action
to eliminate them or reduce risk.
 Job Hazard Analysis
Performing a job hazard analysis is one of the
best methods to develop safe work
procedures for the equipment that is
operated.
The JHA can also be used to train employees
in the hazards associated with task and what
control measures should be practiced.
 JHA Team
A Job Hazard Analysis requires the
cooperation of all parties involved that
includes:
Safety Professional
Engineers-Technical Advisor
Supervisors-Frontline Personnel responsible
for making change
Employee-Person most familiar with job
 Communication of the JHA
Safety Meetings
Distribution of Copies
SOP and Operations Manual
What are some other methods?
___________________
___________________
 What are the Possible Uses of a
JHA
1._________________________
2._________________________
3._________________________
 Prioritization of JHA
Jobs with the highest Jobs complex enough to
injury and illness rates have written instructions
Jobs that have the Jobs that are new to you
potential to cause facility
serious injury Jobs that significantly had
changes in process
Jobs in which one
technology or procedures
simple human error
could cause injury
 Steps for JHA
Involve Employees List, rank, and set
Review accident history priorities for hazardous
Conduct preliminary job
jobs
review Outline the steps or
tasks
 Involvement of Employees
They have a unique understanding of the job,
and this knowledge is invaluable for finding
hazards.
Involving employees will help minimize
oversights, ensure a quality analysis.
Get workers to buy in to the solutions
because they will share ownership
 Job Review
Discuss with employees the hazards that they know
exist.
Brainstorm with them for ideas to eliminate or control
those hazards.
If any hazards exist that pose an immediate danger,
to an employees life or health, take immediate action
to protect the worker.
Any problems that can be corrected easily should be
corrected as soon as possible.
 Outline the Steps
Watch the employee perform the job and list each
step as the worker takes it.
Be sure to record enough information to describe
each job action without getting overly detailed.
Avoid making the breakdown of steps so detailed
that it becomes unnecessarily long or so broad that it
does not include basic steps.
 Outline the Steps
Review the job steps with the employee to
make sure you have not omitted something.
Include the employee in all phases of the
analysisfrom reviewing the job steps and
procedures to discussing uncontrolled
hazards and recommended solutions.
 Identifying the Hazards
A job hazard analysis is an exercise in
detective work. Your goal is to discover the
following:
What can go wrong?
What are the consequences?
How could it arise?
What are other contributing factors?
How likely is it that the hazard will occur?
 Common Hazards in the
Workplace
Stressor Hazard Hazard Type Hazard Type
Type
Chemical Corrosive Fire Toxic
Explosion
Electrical Shock Short Circuit Fire-Static

Mechanical Moving Failure Noise

Parts Pressure
Ergonomic Strain Human Error Fatigue
 Common Hazards in the
Workplace
Stressor Hazard Hazard Type Hazard
Type Type
Radiation Ionizing Non
Ionizing
Contact Struck By Struck Caught In
Against
Environment Temp. Visibility Weather

Misc. Slips Trips Falls

 Hazard Identification Workshop
Based on the following slides of machinery,
identify the potential hazards.
Hint: Use the previous tables and analyze the
machinery and work environment
Prepare to discuss your findings.
Hazard Identification
Hazard Identification
Hazard Identification
Hazard Identification
 Controlling the Hazards
The order of precedence and effectiveness of
hazard control is the following:
1. Engineering controls.
2. Administrative controls.
3. Personal protective equipment.
 Controlling the Hazards
The most effective controls are engineering controls
that physically change a machine or work
environment to prevent employee exposure to the
hazard.
The more reliable or less likely a hazard control can
be circumvented, the better.
If this is not feasible, administrative controls may be
appropriate.
This may involve changing how employees do their
jobs.
 Controlling the Hazards
Discuss your recommendations with all
employees who perform the job and consider
their responses carefully.
If you plan to introduce new or modified job
procedures, be sure they understand what
they are required to do and the reasons for
the changes.
 Engineering Controls
Engineering controls include the following:
Elimination/minimization of the hazard
Substitution of equipment or process to decrease
hazard
Isolation of the hazard with interlocks, machine guards,
blast shields, or other means; and
Removal or redirection of the hazard such as with local
and exhaust ventilation.
 Administrative Controls
Administrative controls include the following:
Written operating procedures, work permits, and safe
work practices;
Exposure time limitations (used most commonly to
control heat stress and ergonomic hazards);
Monitoring the use of highly hazardous materials;
Alarms, signs, and warnings;
Buddy system; and training
 PPE
Personal Protective Equipment is acceptable as a
control method in the following circumstances:
When engineering controls are not feasible or do not
totally eliminate the hazard;
While engineering controls are being developed;
When safe work practices do not provide sufficient
additional protection; and
During emergencies when engineering controls may
not be feasible.
JHA Exercise
We are going to perform
an exercise on grinding
metal casting.
Based on the steps,
please identify the
hazards and controls.
 JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS

Job Title:
Job Description:
Date Conducted

Task Step Task Hazard Cause Hazard Control

Measures

Comments:
 Periodic Review of JHA
Reviewing job hazard
analysis ensures that it
remains current and
continues to prevent
accidents and injuries.
It is possible that during the
review process you will
identify hazards that were
not identified in the initial
analysis.
Review the JHA after
accidents, you may
determine that you need to
change the job procedure to
prevent similar incidents.
Review after all close calls
and discuss the situation
with all employees that do
the job.
Safety and Health Inspections
Cover entire worksite
Regular intervals
Inspectors trained
Hazards tracked to
correction
 Objectives for Inspections
There may be many objectives to the
inspection process:
Meet OSHA or other legal responsibility
Involve the team
Identify areas of undue risk and control
hazards
Identify and develop positive attitudes
Suggest better methods of doing job
 Inspections
OSHA recommends that you perform general
workplace inspections.
Check the standard so that you know what
must be inspected.
What are some examples of items that must
be inspected?
 Employee Involvement
What are some reasons for involving
employees in the process?
Demonstrate commitment to safety
Allow them to become familiar with the
process safety requirement.
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
 Documenting the Inspection
A checklist of workplace specific hazards
should be developed. To accomplish this:
List the potential hazards in the workplace
Examine the work areas to locate hazards
Check with employees and records
 Resources for Checklist
Insurance and safety consultants
Accident/incident investigation reports (past
problems)
Small business handbook
Manufacturer Specifications
JHA and/or employee input
Standards that apply to industry
 Checklist Development
Avoid making the checklist: vague, excessive detail,
and overwhelming.
Checklist is a tool.
As the inspectors become more skilled, the less
reliance there will be on this checklist.
You should get the point that hazards rarely are
identified and hazards are corrected immediately.
 Examination of the Workplace
Identify conditions that might develop
Location of the hazard
Severity potential
Safety Inspection Report
 Safety Inspection Workshop
Mock inspection of a company is to be
performed.
Identify the hazards in the slides and rate the
severity.
Be prepared to discuss your results.
 Inspection Report
Date: Inspection Team:

Number & Findings

Classification

Hazard Classification
A = Loss of life, body part, extensive damage
B = Serious injury or property damage
C = Non-disabling injury or minor damage
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 Hazard Reporting
Effective hazard reporting systems will:
encourage employees to report hazards and
effectively track them for prioritizing.
create feedback between management and
the employee reporting the hazard.
have a system to analysis the hazards
reported to determine its effectiveness.
 Accident Investigation
All accidents and incidents need to be
investigated.
What is an accident?
Why do we investigate accidents?
Why should near misses be investigated?
Accident Investigation
Causes of Injuries and Accidents
Direct Causes
Indirect Causes
Root Causes
 Trend Analysis
Trends need to analyzed over time to identify
any emerging patterns of injury and intervene
to prevent its recurrence.
Review injury records over time
What items should be trended over time to
determine any emerging pattern?
 Summary
Worksite hazard analysis consists of:
Change analysis
JHA
Workplace inspections
Hazard Reporting
Trend Analysis

Effective programs will result in the identification of

potential and existing hazards.
Task Analysis Tools
Review the Basics

Risk Factors

Ergonomic Body Divisions

Risk Factors
Force
Frequency
Posture
Duration
Contact Stress
Environment
Vibration
Ergonomic Body Division

Upper Extremity

Lower Extremity

Trunk
Recognizing a WMSD Problem
Use OSHA 200/300 logs

Accident Reports

Workmans Compensation info

Employee Surveys

Visual Cues
Body Part
Discomfort Form
and Rating Scale
What is a Task Analysis Tool
A narrative, quantitative and/or checklist system
that provides a standardized evaluation of a
job/task

Tools based on biomechanical and

physiological information compiled and
calculated providing a relative risk of
injury probability

Can be specific for body region and/or

risk factors
Why do we need these tools?
Provide guidance
Where to begin corrective actions
Helps direct efforts toward specific body
division, risk factors

Involve employees
Employees can perform assessments

Provide a level of measurement

Shows improvement of tasks
Baseline data
 How do we use them?

Two criteria for use:

What are you trying to find out?

General vs. Specific information

What limitations must be considered?

Various tools are only able to assess
specific body regions
Types of Analysis Tools

Checklists

Easy to use

Less time consuming

Minimal training

Very sensitive: One check,

task must be considered
Types of Analysis Tools

Quantitative

Less sensitive
More specific training

Provide a relative risk assessment

Types of Analysis Tools

Narrative

More formal training and

experience required

Provides specific areas

for improvement

Very time consuming

 Checklists

Washington State Checklist (WISHA)

NIOSH

University of Michigan
 WISHA

Checklist system that identifies

caution or hazard zone jobs
Incorporates each of the risk factors
including vibration and contact stress
Has separate evaluation for heavy,
frequent or awkward lifting
Uses verbal cues to guide user through
evaluation criteria
Not generally left or right side independent
 WISHA

Does address combination of risk factors

Great first cut ergonomic tool

Draw Backs
High sensitivity: identify many jobs
Doesnt separate frequency component
by body part
 Using WISHA

3 basic sections
Entire body checklist
Lifting hazard section
Vibration hazard analysis

Entire body checklist

Identify if a particular hazard exist as a
result of a risk factor for a body part
If a hazard exists then corrective action is
needed
 Using WISHA

Lifting hazard analysis

Calculated weight limit is adjusted by:

Compares the actual weight lifted to a
calculated weight limit
Actual weight lifted > Weight limit =
Hazard exists
 Using WISHA

Vibration hazard analysis

Compares the time an employee uses the

machine to a pre-measured vibration
value
Plot time vs. vibration data on graph
Intersection point indicates degree of
hazard
Vibration data: www.lni.wa.gov/wisha/ergo
Job Strain
 Quantitative Tools

Job Strain Index

Rapid Upper Limb Assessment

ACGIH Threshold Limit Value HAL

Rapid Entire Body Assessment

Rodgers Muscle Fatigue Analysis

Snook Push/Pull Hazard Tables

 Job Strain Index

Only evaluates hand, wrist and elbow

(distal upper extremity)
Assess task based on posture, frequency
and force
FORCE driven

Doesnt consider vibration or contact stress

Index based on a relative risk (1-1053)

7 considered hazardous
 Job Strain Index

Can assess right and left sides independently as

well as worst case

Used in meat packing, small part assembly,

keyboarding and other highly repetitive hand
motions
Strain Index Elements

Intensity of exertions (force)

Duration of Exertion (% cycle)

Efforts per minute

Hand/wrist posture

Speed of work

Duration of task per day

Using the Job Strain Index

Assign a value for each of the 6 elements

Multiply each element = strain index

Compare calculated value to decision threshold

provided
Decision Threshold
<3 safe
3-5 uncertain
5-7 some risk
>7 hazardous
Job Strain
Job Strain
JHA/Work Methods
 JHA/Work Methods

Videotaping Tips
Announce the name of the job on the tape

Tape 5 to 10 minutes for each task

At least 3-4 cycles

Start with whole body shots and then zoom in on

problems areas
Try different angles to get the best shot
 JHA/Work Methods

Step 1: Breaking The Job Down

List each step in order of occurrence

Be sure to record enough information

Can use Gilbreths terms to describe steps

Can use video or photos

 JHA/Work Methods

Gilbreths Table of Work Elements

Search Assemble
Select Disassemble
Grasp Use
Reach Unavoidable Delay
Move Avoidable Delay
Hold Plan
Position Rest to overcome fatigue
Inspect
 JHA/Work Methods

Step 2: Identify the Hazards

Look for Risk Factors in each job

Repeat the job observation until all

hazards identified
Video and photos can be especially helpful

Consider abnormal activities and conditions

 JHA/Work Methods

Step 3: New Procedure or Protection

Can the job be performed in another way?

Can you make physical changes to the job?

Does the job have to be performed?

Can it be done less often?
Work Methods
Work Methods
What does the worker need to
know from this presentation?