Well Testing

2
Diffusivit y equation, Eq.(A.9),
is derived based on several important assumption s, such as
(1) The single - phase liquid flowing has small and constant compressib ility
(2) is independen t of pressure
(3) k is constant and the same in all direction (isotropic )
(4) is constant
(5) pressure gradients and c are small
(6) one - D flow

3
1 p c p
r
r r r 2.634 10 4 k t
1 p 1 p r c p
r
r r r r r r 2.634 10 4 k t
2 p 1 p c p
4
(1.1)
r 2
r r 2.634 10 k t
This equation is called the diffusivit y equation
2.634 10 4 k
The hydraulic diffusivit y
c

Units of equation (1.1)

p [] psi r [] ft [] fraction
[]cp c []vol / vol / psi[]vol /( vol psi )[ ]1 / psi
k []md t []hr [] ft 2 / hr

4
Dimensionl ess analysis
2 p 1 p c p

r 2
r r 2.634 10 4 k t
p f q, r , rw , , c, , k , t , h

5
6
7
Dimensionl ess form of diffusivit y equation of Eq.(1.1) - - - - (oil reservoir)
2 p 1 p c p
4
(1.1)
r 2
r r 2.634 10 k t
2 p
2
1 p c p
rw 2 rw2 rw2
r r r 2.634 10 4 k t
2 p 1 p p

r
2
r r 2.634 10 4 kt

rw rw rw crw 2

2 p 1 p p r 2.634 10 4 kt
where rD tD
rD2 rD rD t D rw crw2
kh( pi p ) 1 kh( pi p ) kh( pi p )
rD2 141.2qB r r
141.2qB t 141.2qB
D D D
2 p D 1 p D p D kh( pi p )
where pD
rD 2
rD rD t D 141.2qB

Note : q[]STB / D ; B[]RB / STB ; qB[]RB / D ; qB const . rate 8

For compressib le fluid (for z const.)

From Eq.(A.5) such as

1 rk p 1
( A.5)
r r r 2.634 10 4 k t
for k const. const. const.
1 k p
r
r r r 2.634 10 4 t
1 p p
or r 4
( A.5a )
r r r 2.634 10 k p t
From Equation of state
pV nzRT
m m
p ( ) ( ) zRT
M
MP M p
( ) ( A.5b)
zRT RT z

9
Substituti ng Eq.(A.5b) into Eq.(A.5a), we have
1 M p p M p p
r
r r RT z r 2.634 10 4 k p RT z t
1 p p p p
r
r r z r 2.634 10 4 k p z t
Ideal gas, z 1 or z const .
1 p p p
rp
r r r 2.634 10 4 k p t
1 1 p 2 p
r
r r 2 r 2.634 10 4 k t
1 1 p 2 1 p 2 p 2 p p 1 p 2
r 2p
2 r r r 2.634 10 4 k 2 p t t t t 2 p t
1 p 2 1 p 2
r
r r r 2.634 10 4 k p t
1 2 p 2 1 p 2 p 2
r 4
c c
1
for gas
r r 2
r r 2.634 10 k t p
2 p 2 1 p 2 c p 2
( A.5c) 10
r 2 r r 2.634 10 4 k t
Dimensionl ess form of diffusivit y equation of Eq(A.5c)
2 p 2 1 p 2 c p 2
4
( A.5c)
r 2
r r 2.634 10 k t
2 p
2 2
2 1 p
2
c p 2
rw rw rw2

r 2
r r 2.634 10 4 k t
2 p2 1 p 2 p 2

r r r 2.634 10 kt
2 4

w
r rw rw c r 2
w
2 p 2 1 p 2 p 2 r 2.634 10 4 kt
where rD tD
rD 2
rD rD t D rw crw2
kh( p i2 p 2 ) 1 kh( p i2 p 2 ) kh( p i p )
2 2

rD2 1422 q zT r
D D
r 1422 q zT t D
1422 q zT
2 pD 1 pD pD kh( p i2 p 2 )
where pD
rD2 rD rD t D 1422qzT

11
For non - ideal gas

From Eq.(A.5) such as

1 rk p 1
( A.5)
r r r 2.634 10 k t
4

For k const . const .

1 r p
( A.5d )
r r r 2.634 10 k t
4

From Equation of state

pV nzRT
m m
p ( ) ( ) zRT
M
MP M p
( ) ( A.5b)
zRT RT z

12
Substituti ng Eq.(A.5b) into Eq.(A.5d)
1 r pM p pM

r r zRT r 2.634 10 4 k t zRT
1 p p p
r
r r z r 2.634 10 4 k t z
pp
Define 2 dp
po z

2p
d dp
z
p 1 p p 1
dp d
z 2 z r 2 r
p p p 1 1 p M
sin ce c g
t z p z t p p M p z RT
z RT
p p p p
cg cg
z t p z z
p 2 p p

t p t z t
p z 13

t 2 p t
p z

t 2 p t
p p z c g
cg
t z z 2 p t 2 t

1 p p p
r
r r z r 2.64 10 4 k t z
1 1 c g
r
r r 2 r 2.64 10 4 k 2 t
1 c g
r 4
(1.2a )
r r r 2.64 10 k t
2 1 c g
2
r r r 2.64 10 4 k t
2 pD 1 pD pD

rD 2
rD rD t D
2.64 10 4 kt kh pi p
where tD pD 14
cgrw2 1424qT
For simultaneo us flow of oil, gas and water
1 p ct p
r (1.3)
r r r 2.634 10 t t
4

where ct the total system compressib ility

S o co S w c w S g c g c f (1.4)
t the sum of the mobilities of the individual phases
ko k g k w
(1.5)

o g w

15
From Eq.(1.2a) such as
1 c
r
r r r 2.64 10 4 k t
k 1 c
r
r r r 2.64 10 4 t
For oil flow
k o 1
co S o
r
o r r r 4
2.64 10 t
For water flow
k w 1 c w S w
r
w r r r 2.64 10 4 t
For gas flow
k g 1 c g S g
r
g r r r 2.64 10 4 t
Summation
k o k w k g 1 co S o c w S w c g S g
r

o w g r r r 2.64 10 4 t 16
 1.3 Solution to Diffusivity Equation
Equation of diffusivit y
2 p 1 p c p
4
(1.1)
r 2
r r 2.634 10 k t
There are four solutions to Eq.(1.1) that are particularly useful
in well testing:
(1) The solution for a bounded cylindrical reservoir
(2) The solution for an infinite reservoir with a well considered to
be a line source with zero wellbore radius,
(3) The pseudo steady-state solution
(4) The solution that includes wellbore storage for a well in an
infinite reservoir
17
Equation of diffusivit y
2 p 1 p c p
(1.1)
r 2
r r 2.634 10 k t
4

The assumptions that were necessary to develop Eq.(1.1)

(1) Homogeneous and isotropic porous medium of uniform
thickness,
(2) Pressure-independent rock and fluid properties,
(3) Small pressure gradient,
(4) Radial flow
(5) Applicability of Darcys law ( sometimes called laminar flow )
(6) Negligible gravity force.
18
Constant rate, Infinite reservoir case
2 p 1 p c p

r 2 r r 2.634 10 4 k t
2 pD 1 pD pD

rD2 rD rD t D
kh( pi p ) 2.634 10 4 kt
where pD tD
141.2qB crw2

boundary and Initial conditions :

(1) p pi at t 0 for all r
p qB
( 2) r for t 0
r r rw 2 0. 001127 kh
(3) p pi as r for all t

Dimensionl ess form

(1) pD 0 at t D 0 for all rD
p qB qB 141.2qB
( 2) r
r r rw 2 0.001127kh 0.00708kh kh
p pD
rD D 1 or 1
rD rD 1 rD
19
(3) pD 0 at rD for all t D
Infinite Cylindrica l Reservoir with Line - Source Well

Assume that
(1) a well produces at a constant rate qB ,
(2) the well has zero radius,
(3) the well drains an infinite area (i.e. p pi that as r )
(4) the reservoir is at uniform pressure, pi , before production begins.

20
Under thos e conditions , the solution t o Eq.(1.1) is
2 p 1 p c p
4
(1.1)
r 2
r r 2.634 10 k t
qB 948ct r 2
p pi 70.6 Ei (1.7)
kh kt
1 rD2
or pD t D , rD Ei (1.7 a )
2 4t D
1 rD2
or pD Ei (1.7 a )
2 4t D
kh( pi p ) 0.000264kt r
where pD tD r
141.2qB crw2
D
rw
Where p is pressure (psi) at distance r (feet) from the well at time t (hours), and
e u x2 x3 (1) n x n
Ei x du ln( x) 0.5772 x
x u 2 2! 3 3! n n!

21
Eq.(1.7a) [or Eq.(1.7)] is called the exponentia l - integral solution
or the line - source solution
or the Theis solution
Ei ( x) ln( x) 0.5772 for x 0.0025
1 rD2 1 rD2
pD Ei ln 0.5772
2 4t D 2 4t D
1 tD
pD ln 2 0.80907
2 rD

for x 0.0025
tD
100 (1.7c)
rD2

22
23
24
From Eq.(1.7a) such as
1 rD2
pD Ei (1.7 a )
2 4t D
1 tD
ln 2 0.80907 (1.7b)
2 rD
Eq.(1.7b) may be use when
tD
2 100 (1.7c)
rD
3.79 105 ctrw2
or t (rD 1)
k

25
 tD
But the difference between Eq.(1.7a) and Eq.(1.7b) is only about 2% when 5
rD2
Thus, for practical purpose, the log approximat ion to the exponentia l
integral is satisfacto ry when th e exponentia l integral is satisfacto ry.

From Eq.(1.7b) such as

1 tD
pD ln 0.80907
2 rD2
At wellbor e , i.e., rD 1
1
pD (t D ) ln t D 0.80907
2
kh( pi pw ) 1 2.64 10 4 kt
ln 0 .80907
141.2qB 2 ct rw2
1 2.64 10 4 kt
ln ln( 2.2458)
2 ct rw2
1 2.2458 2.64 10 4 kt
ln
2 ct rw
2

70.6qB 5.9289 10 4 kt
pi pw ln
kh c r
t w
2

70.6qB 1688ct rw2 26
ln (1.7 d )
kh kt
From Eq.(1.7b) such as
rr
70.6qB 5.9289 10 4 kt
pi p ln

kh ct r 2

70.6qB 1688ct r 2
ln (1.7 d )

kh kt

27
 70.6qB 5.9289 10 4 kt
pi pw ln
kh c r
t w
2

70.6qB 1688ct rw2
ln (1.7 d )
kh kt
70.6qB 1688ct rw2

ln
ln t
kh k
70.6qB 1688ct rw2
pw pi
ln
ln t
kh k
70.6qB 1688ct rw2 70.6qB
pw pi ln ln t
kh k kh

Question:
Why does pw > pi for certain t ?

28
In practice, most wells have reduced permeabili ty (damage) near
the wellbore resulting from drilling or completion operations .
Many other well s are stimulated by acidizatio n or hydraulic fracturing .

Hawkins pointed out that if the damaged or stimulated zone is

considered equivalent to an altered zone of uniform permeabili ty ( k s )
and outer radius ( rs ), the additional pressure drop across this zone ( p s )
can be modeled by the steady - state radial flow equation.

29
For non - damaged zone near wellb ore
1 tD
p D ln 2 0.80907
2 rD
For k k s (damaged zone)
rs
(1) At r rs or rD
rw


4
k h( pi prss ) 1 2.64 10 k s t 1
s ln 2 0.80907
141.2qB 2 ctrw2
rs
2

w
r
70.6qB 1 2.64 10 4 k s t
pi prss ln 2 ln 0.80907 (1)
ks h rs ct
r
(2) At r rw ( wellbore ) rD w 1
rw
k s h( pi p ws ) 1 2.64 10 4 k s t
ln
0.80907
141.2qB 2 ctrw2
70.6qB 1 2.64 10 4 k s t
pi p ws
2
ln ln

0.80907 (2) 30
k s h rw ct
 70.6qB 1 2.64 10 4 k s t
pi pws ln 2 ln 0.80907 (2)
ks h rw ct
70.6qB 1 2.64 10 4 k s t
pi prss
2
ln ln

0.80907 (1)
ks h rs ct
(2) (1)

70.6qB rs 141.2qB rs

2

prss pws ln ln (3)

k s h rw ks h rw

Similarity , for k k (no damage zone)

70.6qB rs 141.2qB rs
2

prs pw ln ln (4)
k s h rw kh rw

31
Additional pressure drop across damage zone [Eq.(3) - Eq.(4)]
For prss ps , ps pw pws
ps prss pws prs pw
141 .2qB k rs

1 ln (1.9)
kh k s rw
This equation states that the pressure drop in the altered zone is
inversely proportional to k s rather tha n to k .
For k k s ps 0

32
With a reduced permeabili ty (damage) or enhanced permeabili ty (stimulate ).
The pressure drop at the wellbore is [from Eq.(1.7d) and Eq.(1.9)]
70.6qB 1688ctrw2
pi p wf ln p s
kh kt
70.6qB 1688ct rw2 141.2qB k rs
pi p wf
ln

1 ln
kh kt kh ks rw
70.6qB 1688ct rw2 k rs
ln 2 1 ln
kh kt ks rw
70.6qB 1688ctrw2
or pi p wf ln 2 s (1.11)
kh kt
k r
where s 1 ln s (1.10)
ks rw
If well is damaged , k s k , s 0 no upper lim it for s
if well is stimulated , k s k , s 0 lower lim it 7or 8

33
From Eq.(1.11)
qB 1688ctrw2
pi pwf 70.6 ln 2 s
kh kt

qB 1688ctrw2
ln ln e
2 s
70.6
kh kt

70.6

qB 1688ct rw e s
2

ln
kh kt

qB 1688ctrs2
70.6 ln
kh kt
where rs rw e s effective wellbore radius
1 rD2 2.64 10 4 kt
p D Ei where t D
ct rwe s
2
2 4t D

1 tD
or p D ln 2 0.80907
2 rD

34
Example 1.1 Calculation of pressures beyond the wellbore u sin g
the Ei function solution
Given : The well is poducting only oil
q 20 STB / D
0.72 cp rw 0.5 ft
k 0.10 md Bo 1.475 RB / STB
ct 1.5 10 5 psi 1 h 150 ft
pi 3000 psi 0.23
re 3000 ft s0
Calculate (1) p ? at r 1 ft and t 3hrs
(2) p ? at r 10 ft and t 3hrs
(3) p ? at r 100 ft and t 3hrs
Solution
2.637 10 4 kt 2.637 10 4 0.1 3
tD 127
ct rw 2 0.72 1.5 10 5 0.23 (0.5) 2
2
1 r
pD (t D , rD ) Ei ( D ) (1.7 a)
2 4t D
1 tD 35
ln( 2 ) 0.80907 (1.7b)
2 rD
 r 1 t D 127
(1) At r 1 ft rD 2 2 31.75
rw 0.5 rD 4
1 22 1 3 1
a ) p D (127,2) Ei ( ) Ei (7.874 10 ) Ei (0.008)
2 4 127 2 2
1
(4.259) ( from Table 1.1 or P.4)
2
kh( pi p ) 1
4.259 2.1295
141.2qB 2
141.2qB 141.2 20 1.475 0.72
pi p 2.1295 2.1295 425.75
kh 0.1 150
p pi 425 3000 425 2575 psi
1 tD 1 127 4.266
b) p D (127,2) ln( 2 ) 0.80907 ln( 2 ) 0.80907 2.133
2 rD 2 2 2
pi p 2.133 199.93 426.47
p 3000 426.47 2573 psi

36
 r 10 t D 127
(2) At r 10 ft rD 20 2 2 0.3175
rw 0.5 rD 20
2
1 rD
p D (t D , rD ) Ei ( )
2 4t D
1 tD
ln( 2 ) 0.80907
2 rD
1 20 2 1 1
p D (127,20) Ei ( ) [ Ei (0.787)] (0.322)
2 4 127 2 2
1 127 1
ln( 2 ) 0.80907 (0.3382) 0.1691
2 20 2
( from Table 1.1 on p.4)

37
 1
p D (127,20) (0.322) 0.161
2
kh( pi p )
0.161
141.2qB
141.2qB
pi p 0.161 0.161 199.93 32.18
kh
p 3000 32.18 2968 psi
1
p D (127,20) (0.3382) 0.169
2
pi p (0.169) 199.93 33.80
p 3000 33.8 3033.8 psi

38
 r 100 tD 127 3

(3) At r 100 ft rD 200 2 2
3.175 10
rw 0.5 rD 200
2
1 rD 1 200 2 1 1
pD (t D , rD ) Ei ( ) Ei ( ) [ Ei (78.7)] (0) 0
2 4t D 2 4 127 2 2
p pi
1 tD
pD (t D , rD ) ln( 2 ) 0.80907
2 rD

1
2

ln( 3.175 10 3 ) 0.80907
1
(4.943) 2.47
2

39
Equation of Diffusivit y
2 p 1 p c p

r 2
r r 2.634 10 4 k t
2 p D 1 p D p D

rD 2
rD rD t D
kh( pi p) 0.000264kt r
where p D tD r
141.2qB crw2
D
rw

40
Solutions
(1) Infinite reservoir
(a) Line source solution
1 tD
2
1 rD
pD Ei ( ) ln( 2 ) 0.80907
2 4t D 2 rD
(b) Finite wellbore solution
4 (1 e u 2t D
)J1 (u )Y0 (urD ) Y1 (u ) J 0 (urD )du
pD
2
0
u 2 J1 (u ) Y1 (u )
2 2

41
Finite wellbore solution

4 (1 e u 2t D
)J1 (u )Y0 (urD ) Y1 (u ) J 0 (urD )du
2 0
(t D , rD )

VEH
pD
u 2 J1 (u ) Y1 (u )
2 2

At wellbore, rD 1
4 (1 e )du
u 2t D

2 0
(t D )

VEH
pD
u 3 J1 (u ) Y1 (u )
2 2

42
43
Constant rate, Bounded Circular reservoir case
2 p 1 p c p

r 2 r r 2.634 10 4 k t
2 p D 1 p D p D

rD2 rD rD t D

Initial and boundary conditions :

(1) p pi at t 0 for all r
p qB
( 2) r for t 0
r r rw 2 0 . 001127 kh
p
(3) 0 for r re
r r re

Dimensionl ess form

(1) p D 0 at t D 0 for all rD
p p D
(2) rD D 1 or 1
rD rD 1 rD
p D r
(3) 0 at rD e 44
rD rw
Bounded Cylindrica l Reservoir

From diffusivit y equation of Eq.(1.1)

2 p 1 p c p
4
(1.1)rw
r 2
r r 2.634 10 k t
Boundary conditions and initial conditions :
(1) A well produces at constant rate, qB, into the wellbore
q[] STB / D at surface conditions
B[] RB / STB the formation volume factor
(2) The well, with well bore radius, rw , is centered in a cylindrica l reservoir of radius re ,
and that ther e is no flow across this outer boundary.
(3) Before production begins, the reservoir is at uniform pressure pi .

45
The most useful form of the desired solution relates flowing pressure, p wf , at the
sandface to time and to reservoir rock and fluid properties .

The solution is
qB 2t D e n t D J 12 n reD
2

3
pi 141.2 2 ln reD 2 2 2 (1.6)
p wf
kh reD 4 2

n 1 n J 1 n reD J 1 n
e n t D J 12 n reD
2

2t D 3
p D 2 ln reD 2 2 2
or
reD 4
n 1 n J 1 n reD J 1 n
2

re 0.000264kt
where reD tD
rw ctrw2
the n are the roots of
J 1 n reD Y1 n J 1 n Y1 n reD 0
and J 1 and Y1 are Bessel functions
It is an exact solution t o Eq.(1.1) under the assumption s made in its developmen t.
It is sometimes called the van Everdingen - Hurst constant - terminal rate solution
46
(2) Bounded reservoir
2t D 3
e J12 n reD
n2t D
pD 2 ln reD 2 2 2
reD 4 n 1 n J 1
r
n eD J
1 n
2

2.64 10 4 kt
For t De 0.245
cre2

re2 948cre2
or t D 0.245 2 or t
rw k
2t 3
pD 2D ln reD
reD 4

47
Pseudostea ty - state solution
From Eq. (1.6) such as
2t D e n t D J 12 n reD
2

p D t D , reD 2 ln reD 2 2 2
3
reD 4 2

n 1 n J 1 n reD J 1 n


rw2
For t De t D 2 0.25
re
re2
or t D 0.25 2 0.25reD2
rw
9.48 ct re2
or t
k

e J 12 n reD
n2t D

n 1 n J 1 n reD J 1 n
2 2 2
0

48
Boundary effect time analyzed from type curves
Closed circular reservoir with reD = 3000 case
11.0

10.5

10.0

9.5

9.0
pD

8.5

8.0
infinite reservoir

7.5 reD =3000 (re=1050 ft)

7.0
The visually deviated point from
6.5
type curve analysis
6.0
1.0E+05 1.0E+06 tD*=1.96*106 1.0E+07 1.0E+08

tD

49
Eq .(1.6) becomes
2t D 3
p D t D , reD 2 ln reD
reD 4
qB 0.000527kt re 3
or p wf p i 141.2 ln (1.12)
kh c t re2
rw 4

Eq1.12
t
p wf qB 0.000527k 0.0744qB
141.2
t kh ct re2
c t
h re
2

Since Vp re2 h
Vp
or r h
2

50
 p wf 0.0744qB 0.0744qB 0.234qB

t
ct re2 h Vp
ct
ct V p

p wf 0.234qB
or (1.13)
t ct V p
p wf1
for q, B and ct are constant
t Vp

This result leads to a form of well testing sometimes, called

reservoir limits testing, which seeks to determine reservoir
size from the rate of pressure decline in a wellbore with ti me.

Another form of Eq (1.12) is useful for some applicatio ns.

It involves replacing original reservoir pressure, p i , with average
pressure, p , with th e drainage volume of the well. 51
Form material balance


V pi p ctV p

t

qB 5.615 pi p ctV p
24
t


5.615qB pi p ct re2 h
24
t

5 .615 qB
pi p 24

ct re2 h
0.0744qBt
(1.14)
ct h re2

0.0744qBt
or pi p (1.14a )
ct h re2

52
Substituti ng Eq (1.14a) in Eq (1.12)
qB 2t D 3
p wf pi 141.2 2 ln reD (1.12)
kh reD 4
0.0744qBt qB 2t D 3
p wf p 141.2 ln reD
ct h re2 2
kh reD 4
qB re 3
or p p wf 141.2 ln (1.15)
kh rw 4

To account skin effect

From Eq.(1.12)
qB 0.000527kt re 3
p wf pi 141.2 ln s (1.17)
kh ct re2
rw 4
From Eq.(1.15)
qB re 3
p p wf 141.2 ln s (1.16)
kh rw 4 53
From Eq.(1.17)
qB 0.000527kt re 3
p wf pi 141.2 ln s (1.17 a )
kh ct re2
rw e 4
2t D 3
p D 2 ln reD
reD 4
2.64 10 4 kt kh pi p re
where tD pD reD

ct rw e s2
141.2qB rw e s
From Eq.(1.16)
qB re 3
p p wf 141.2 ln s (1.16a )
kh rw e 4
3
p D' ln reD
4

where pD
'

kh p p wf reD
re
141.2qB rw e s
54
 Further, we can define an average permeabili ty, k J , such that
qB re 3
p p wf 141.2 ln s (1.16)
kh rw 4
qB re 3
141.2 ln
kJ h rw 4
Form which,
re 3
k ln
rw 4
kJ (1.18)
re 3
ln s
rw 4

For a damaged well (s 0), k J k true

For s stimulated well (s 0) , k J k true

55
Sometimes, the permeabili ty of a well can be estimated from
productivi ty - index (PI) measuremen ts.
q kJ h
J
p p wf 141.2 B ln re 3

w
r 4
J Pr oductivity Index ( PI ), STB / D / psi

This method does not necessaril y provide a good estimate

of formation permeabili ty, k

56
Example 1.2 - Analysis of well form PI test
Given : q 100 STB/D (oil)
p wf (BHP) = 1,500 psi (measured)
p 2,000 psi (pressure survey)
h = 10 ft (log analysis) re = 1,000 ft rw = 0.25 ft
= 0.5 cp (at current reservoir pressure ) B = 1.5 RB/STB
Estimate : (1) PI ?
(2) kJ ?
(3) For k 50md (form core data), does this imply tha t
the well is either damaged or stimulated ? What is
the apparent skin factor ?

57
Solution :
q 100 STB / D
(1) J ( PI )
0.2 STB / D / psi
p pwf 2000 psi 1500 psi

q kJ h
(2) J

p pwf 141.2 B ln re 3

w
r 4
re 3
141.2qB ln
rw 4
kJ

h p pwf

1000 3
141.2 100 1.5 0.5ln
0.25 4
16md

10 2,000 1,500

58
(3) a) k core (= 50md) k J (= 16md) damaged (badly)
b) Form Eq(1.18)
re 3
k ln
rw 4
kJ
re 3
ln s
rw 4
re 3 k re 3
ln s
ln
rw 4 kJ rw 4
k re 3 re 3
s ln ln
kJ rw 4 rw 4
k re 3
1 ln

kJ rw 4
50 1,000
1 ln 0.75 16
16 0.25 59
Flow Equation for Generalized Reservoir Geometry
Pseudo - steady state solution for a well centered in a circular
drainage area is
qB re 3
p p wf 141.2 ln s (1.16)
kh rw 4
A similar equation models pseudo - steady state flow in more
general reservoir shapes :
qB 1 10.06 A 3
p p wf 141.2 ln s (1.20)
2
kh 2 C A rw 4

Where A drainage area, ft 2

C A shape factor for specific drainage area shape and well
location, dimensionl ess. (Table 1.2)

60

q 0.00708kh
J
(1.21)
p pwf 1 10.06 A 3
B ln 2
s
2 C A rw 4

61
62
Table 1.2 (p.9)
(a) last column : the max time a reservoir is infinite acting
rw2 ct A x
t DA t D x or t
A 2.64 10 4 k
2.64 10 4 kt
where t DA
ct A
for a circular reservoir
(b) next to last column :
Time required for the pseudosteady - state equation to be
accurate within 1%
ct A
t x
2.64 10 k 4

(c) The third column from the last column :

Time required for the pseudosteady - state equation to be exact.
c A
t x
2.64 10 k 4 63
Boundary effect time analyzed from type curves
Closed circular reservoir with reD = 3000 case
11.0

10.5

10.0

9.5

9.0
pD

8.5

8.0
infinite reservoir

7.5 reD =3000 (re=1050 ft)

7.0
The visually deviated point from
6.5
type curve analysis
6.0
1.0E+05 1.0E+06 tD*=1.96*106 1.0E+07 1.0E+08

tD

64
 Boundary effect time estimated from radius of
investigation equation
closed circular reservoir with reD = 3000 case
11.0

10.5

10.0
(I)
9.5

9.0
( II )
pD

8.5
( III )
8.0
infinite reservoir

7.5 reD =3000 (re=1050 ft)

7.0
The visually deviated point from
6.5
type curve analysis
6.0
1.0E+05 1.0E+06 1.0E+07 1.0E+08

tD

65
Transient Region
70.6qB 1688ctrw2
pi pwf ln 2s (1.11)
kh kt
pwf is a linear function of log t
Late - transient Region
No simple equation is available to predict th e
relationsh ip between BHP and time in this region

Pseudostea dy - state Region

1 10.06 A 3
qB
p pwf 141.2 ln 2
s (1.20)
2 C A rw 4
kh
or Eq.(1.15) Eq.(1.12) for special case

66
Late - Transient Region
This region is small ( or, for practical purposes nonexisten t ) for a well
centered in a circular, sequence, or hexagonal drainage area, as Table 1.2
indicates. For a well off - center in its drainage area, the late - transient
region can spane a significan t time region, as Table 1.2 also indicates.

67
Pseudo - steady state flow equation for generalize d reservoir geometry
qB 0.000527 kt re 3
p wf pi 141.2 ln
kh cre 2
rw 4
kh pi p wf 0.000527kt ln r 3
r 4
e

141.2qB cre2 w
2t D re 3
pD ln
re
2
rw 4
2
rw
2t D 3
pD ln reD
reD2 4
r kh pi p 2.634 10 4 kt
where reD e pD tD
rw 141.2qB crw2
1
r r
2 2
10.06(r ) 10.06 A
2
10.06 A 2
reD2 e e
e
r
2
r (10.06 )rw
2 2 2 2 eD
r w w C A rw C A rw
C A rw2 1 10.06 A 3
pD 2t D ln
2
10.06 A 2 C A rw 4
C A rw2 1 10.06 A 3
or pD t D ln 68
5.03 A 2 C A rw2 4
Pseudo - steady state flow equation for generalize d reservoir geometry
C A rw2 1 10.06 A 3
pD t D ln
2
5.03 A 2 C A rw 4
(1) A re2 C A 31.60
31.60rw2 1 10.06re2 3
pD t ln
2 re
5.03re 2 D
2 31.60rw 4
rw2 1 re2 3
p D 2t D 2 ln 2
re 2 rw 4
2
r r 3
p D 2t D w ln e
re rw 4

69
(2) A xe xe C A 30.8828
30.8828rw2 1 10.06 xe2 3
pD 2
t D ln
2
xe
5.03 xe 2 30.8828rw 4
rw2 1 xe2 3
p D 6.1397 2 t D ln 0.32574 2 xe
xe 2 rw 4
rw2 xe 1 3

p D 6.1397t D 2 ln ln( 0.32574)
xe rw 2 4
rw2 xe

p D 6.1397t D 2 ln 0.5608 0.75
xe rw
rw2 x
p D 6.1397t D 2 ln e 1.3108
xe rw

70
71
Example 1.3 - flow analysis Generalize d Reservoir Geometry
Given :
A 17.42 10 6 ft 2 400acres 0.2 20%
1cp ct 1 10 5 psi 1 k 100md

72
Calculate :
(1) The time in hours for which
(a) the reservoir is infinite acting
(b) the pseudostea dy - state is exact; and
(c) the pseudostea dy - state is accurate to within 1%
(2) PI and stabilized production rate with p - p wf 500 psi ,
for each of the well in part 1, if
h 10 ft , s 3.0 , rw 0.3 ft , and B 1.2 RB
STB
(3) For the well centered in one of the quadrants of a square,
wri te equations relating constant flow rate and wellbore pressure
drops at elapsed time of 30, 200, and 400 hrs.
Solution :
rw2 2.64 10 4 kt rw2 2.64 10 4 kt 2.64 10 4 100t
t DA t D 2

A ct rw A ct A 1 1 10 5 0.2 17.42 10 6
7.577 10 4 t
73
t 1320t DA
(2) From Eq (1.21 such as)

1.21
q 0.00708kh
J
p p wf 1 10.6 A 3
B ln s
2
2 C A rw 4
0.00708 100 10 7.08
J
1 10.6 17.42 10 6 3 1 2.051 10 9
1.2 1 ln 3 1.2 ln 2.25
2 C A 0.3 2
2
4 CA
7.08 7.08


0.6 ln 2.051 10 9 0.6 ln C A 2.7 15.565 0.6 ln C A 74
From Eq1.21 such as
q
J
p p wf

q p p wf J 500 J

75
(3) From the results of (1)
For t 30 hrs, the reservoir is in infinite acting period
For t 200 hrs, the reservoir is in late - transient period
(i.e. the pseudostea dy - state equation is not yet accurate)
For t 400 hrs, the pseudostea dy - state equation is accurate
withi n 1% error

Equations
For t 30hrs
qB 1688 ct rw2
pi p wf 70.6 ln 2s 1.11
kh kt
For t 200hrs
no simple equation can be written
For 400hrs
qB 1 10.06 A 3
p p wf 141.2 ln s 1.20
2
kh 2 C A rw 4 76
Radial flow in infinite reservoir with wellb ore storage

Wellbore storage cause

variable flow rates (variable sandface flow rate)
Consider a shut - in oil well in a reservoir with uniform and unchanging
pressure. Reservoir pressure will support a column of liquid to some
equilibriu m height in the wellbore.

If we open a valve at the surface and initiate flow, the first oil produced will
be that stored in the wellbore, and the initial flow rate from the formation
to the well will be zero.

With increasing flow time , at constant surface producing rate, the amount of
liquid stored in the wellbore will approach a constant v alue.

77
 Development of a mathematical relationship between
sandface (formation) and surface flow rates

(a) Example 1 ( changing liquid level )

Mass blance in the wellbore :
mass rate mass rate Accumulation
in out rate

d Vwb
q sf B qB
t 5.61458
d
24
t []hrs ;Vwb [] ft 3 ; q sf , q []STB / D ; B []RB / STB

78
 q sf q B
d 24Vwb

dt 5.615

24 d
Awb h q sf q B
5.615 dt
q sf q B (1.22)
24 dh
Awb
5.615 dt
gh
sin ce p w pt (1.23) pt surface pressure
g c 144
lbm ft lbm
gh [] ft [ ]
ft 3 s 2 ft s 2
gh lbm 1 lb f 1 ft 2
[ ] [ ]
gc ft s 2 lbm ft ft 2 144in 2
lb f s 2
gh
p w pt
g c 144

d
p w pt g dh (1.24)
dt g c 144 dt

or
dh 144 g c d
p w pt (1.24a)
dt g dt 79
Substituti ng Eq.(1.24a) in Eq.(1.22), we have
144 g c d
dh 144 g c d
pw pt (1.24a)

24
Awb pw pt qsf q B dt g dt
5.615 g dt 24
Awb
dh
qsf q B (1.22)
(24)(144 ) g c 5.615 dt
Awb pw pt qsf q B (1.25)
d

5.615 g dt
24 144 Awb g c d
or pw pt qsf q (1.25a)
B 5.615 g dt
24Cs d
pw pt qsf q
B dt
144 Awb g c
where Cs a wellbore storage cons tan t (1.26)
5.615 g
24Cs d
qsf q pw pt (1.27)
B dt
For zero or unchanging surface pressure, pt (a major and not
d
necessarity valid assumption), i.e., pw pt dpw
dt dt
24Cs dpw
qsf q (1.28) 80
B dt
Dimensionl ess variables
7.08 10 3 kh pi pw
pD (1.29)
qi B
2.64 10 4 kt
tD (1.30)
c rw2
where qi the surface rate at t 0

dpw dpw dp D dt D 1 dt D dp D

dt dp D dt D dt dp D dt dt D
dpw
1 2.64 10 4 k dp D

7.08 10 3 kh c rw2 dt D

qi B
qi B 2.64 10 4 k dp D

7.08 10 3 kh c rw2 dt D

1.31
dpw 0.0373qi B dp D

dt ct h rw2 dt D

81
substituting Eq.1.31 int o Eq.1.28, we have
24C s 0.0373qi B dpD
qsf q
ct h rw dt D
2
B
0.894qi C s dp D
qsf q (1.32)
ct h rw dt D
2

0.894C s dp D
qsf q q
2 i
ct h rw dt D
dpD
qsf q C sD qi
dt D
0.894C s
where C sD (1.33)
ct h rw
2

q dp D
qsf qi C sD (1.34)
qi dt D 82
For the constant - rate production , i.e., q (t ) qi q , Eq.(1.34) becomes
dp 0.894Cs
q sf q 1 C SD D where CsD
dt D ct hrw2
q sf
1 C SD D 1.35
dp
or 144 Awb g c
q dt D Cs
5.615 g

This is the inner boundary condition for the problem of constant - rate
flow of a slightly compressib ility liquid with well bore storage.
dp
Note : for small C sD [ i.e., small C s or small Awb ] or for small D
dt D
q sf
1
q
The effect of wellbore storage or sandface rate will be negligible .

83
(b) Example 2 (Wellbore being field up)
Consider a wellbore (fig. 1.5) that contains a single - phase
(liquid or gas) and that is produced at surface rate, q.
Mass balance in the wellbore
mass rate mass rate accumulation
in out rate

qsf B qB
d
t
Vwb cwb pw
d( )
24
where qsf , q [] STB / D
B [] RB / STB
Vwb [] the volume of wellbore, bbl
cwb [] the compressib ility of the fluid in the wellbore
(at wellbore conditions) , psi 1
pw [] psi
t [] hr 84
 qsf q B 24Vwb cwb
dpw
(1.36)
dt
24Vwb cwb dpw
or qsf q (1.37)
B dt
Let C s cwbVwb (1.37 a )
24C s dpw
qsf q (1.38)
B dt
Eq.(1.38) Eq.(1.28)
Vwb
Note : for the gas in the wellbore, C s cwbVwb cons tan t
pw
24C s dpw
qsf q
B dt
Awb g c
where C s 25.645
g
or C s cwbVwb
qsf dp D
1 C sD
q dt D
0.894C s
where C sD
ct hrw2
85
Analytical solutions in fig.1.6 for
the radial diffusivit y equation w ith the wellbore storage equation [Eq.(1.35) ]

From figure 1.6, values of pD (and thus pw ) can be determined for a well in a
formation with given valu es of t D , CsD and s.

Two purposes of figure 1.6 require special mention at this point :

(a) Presence of unit - slop line
(b) End of wellbore storage distortion

86
End of wellbore storage Distortion (fig. 1.6)

When wellb ore storage has ceased (i.e. when q sf q ), we would expect
the solution t o the flow equations to be the same as if there had never
been any wellbo re storage i.e., the same as for C sD 0.

87
88
Presence of Unit - Slop Line

At earliest t imes for a given valu e of CSD , and for most value s of s , a " unit - slop line "
(i.e. line with 45 slop) is present on the graph.
This line appears remains as long as all production comes from the wellbore and none
comes from the formation.
From Eq.(1.35) such as
qsf
1.35
dp D
1 C SD
q dt D
for qsf 0
dp D
1 CSD 0 or dt D C SD dp D (1.39)
dt D
tD pD
dt D C SD dp D t D CsD pD (1.40)
0 0

log t D log CsD log p D (1.41)

A graph of log p D v.s. log t D will have a slop of unity
CSD p D
or 1 (1.42) 89
tD
Note that the solutions for finite C sD and for C sD 0 do become
identical after sufficient elapsed time.

One useful empirical observatio n is that this time (called the " end of
wellbore storage distortion " , ) t wbs , occurs approximat ely one and a
half log cycles after the disappeara nce of the unit - slop line.

Another useful observatio n is that the dimensionl ess time at which

wellbore storage distortion ceases is given by
t D 60 3.5s C sD (1.43)

90
 1.4 Radius of investigation
Radius of investigat ion, ri , is the distance that a pressure transient has moved
into a formation flowing a ratio change in a well.
ri f (formation rock, fluid properties , time elapsed )

91
Two observatio ns are particular ly important

(1) pat the wellbore decreases steadily w ith increasing flow time
pat the fixed value decreases steadily w ith increasing flow time

(2)The pressure disturbanc e (or pressure transient ) caused by producing

the well moves further into the reservoir as flow time increases.
For the range of flow time shown, there is always a point beyond which
the drawdown in pressure from the original value is negligible .

92
Now consider a well into which we instantane ously inject a volume
of liquid. This injection introduces a pressure disturbanc e into the
formation; the disturbanc e at radius ri will reach its maximum at time t m
after introducti on of the fluid volume. We seek the relationsh ip between
ri and t m . From the solution t o the diffusivit y equation for an instantane ous
line source in an infinite medium (Carslaw, H. S. and Jaeger, J. C., 1959).
The relationsh ip between ri and t m can be derived as follows :
c1 r 2 / 4t
p pi e
t
where c1 cons tan t f (q ) ; t t D
t m , a max imum time at ri , can be found by
differentiating and setting equal to zero :
dp c1 r 2 / 4t c1r 2 r 2 / 4t ri 2 948ct ri 2
2 e e 0 tm
dt t 4t 3
4 k
1 1
kt 2 4 2.637 10 kt
4 2
ri (1.47)
948ct ct 93
 1 1
kt 2 4 2.637 10 4 kt
2
ri (1.47)
948ct ct
Note : (1) Eq.(1.47) is for q constant
(2) We also use Eq.(1.47) to calculate the radius of investigat ion
achieved at any time after any rate change in a well.

94
 Equivalent
Radius of investigat ion Radius of drainage
( Advances by Well Test Analysis by Earlougher , R.C.)
kt
rd 0.029
ct
kt

1189ct

95
 0.5ri
log ln t D
rw
Many papers give 0.5
0.5ri
ln 0.5 ln t D
rw
1
0.5ri
t D2
rw
2
ri 2.64 10 4 kt

w
2 r c rw
2

ri 2 2.64 10 4 kt

4rw 2
c rw2
4 2.64 10 4 kt
ri
2
4t D rw2
c
kt
ri 4t D rw2 (1.47)
948 c 96
The uses of the radius of investigat ion

(1) to help explain th e shape of a pressure buildup or pressure drawdown curve :

Earliest t imes - - ri is in the zone of altered permeabili ty, ks, nearest th e wellbore,
Long times - - ri reaches the vicinity of a reservoir boundary or some
massive reservoir heterogene ity.
(2) to provide a guide for well test design :
To estimate the time required to test to the desired depth in the formation.
(3) to provide a means of estimating the length of time required to achieve
stabilized flow, i.e., the time required for a pressure transient to reach the
boundary of a test reservoir,
948ct re2
ts (1.48)
k
This equation applies for a cylindrica l drainage area of radius .
For other drainage - area shapes, time to stabilize can be different,
as illustrate d in Example 1.3 97
Limitation s of the uses of the radius - of - investigat ion :

(1) It is exactly correct only for a homogeneou s, isotropic, cylindrica l

reservoir. Reservoir heterogene ities will decrease the accuracy of
Eq.(1.47)
(2) Eq.(1.47) is exact only for describing the time maximum pressure
disturbanc e reaches radius ri following an instantane ous burst of
injection into or production from a well.
(3) Exact location of ri becomes less well defined for continuous injection
or production at constant rate following a change in rate.

98
Example 1.4 Calculatio n of radius of investigat ion
Given :
k 100md 0.2
ct 2 10 5 psi 1 0.5cp

Find (1) t ? , to run a flow test on an explorator y well for

sufficient ly long to ensure that the well will drain
a cylinder of more than 1,000 ft radius.
(2) q ?

99
Solution :
(1)
ri 2 1,000 ft 2,000 ft
From eq1.47 such
1
kt
2
ri
948 ct
kt 948 ct ri 2
948 ct ri 2 948 0.2 0.5 2 10 5 (2000) 2
t 75.8hrs
k 100
(2)
q any flows rate sufficient ly large that pressure change with ti me can be
recorded with sufficient precision to be useful for analysis.

100
1.5 The Principle of Superposition
At this point, the Ei - function solution of the most useful solution
to the flow equation appears to be applicable only for describing
the pressure distributi on
(1) in an infinite reservoir, casued by the production of a single well
in the reservoir,
(2) for a production well at constant rate beginning at time zero.

The applicatio n of the superposit ion can remove some of these

restrictio ns.

The principle of superposit ion

The total pressure drop at any point in a reservoir is the sum
of the pressure drops at that point caused by flow in each of
101
the wells in the reservoir.
Ei - function solution
1 rD2
p D t D , rD Ei
2 4t D
q 948ct r 2
p pi p 70.6 Ei
kh kt

Log - approximat ion solution

rD2 rD2
0.0025 or 100
4t D tD
1 tD
p D t D , rD ln 2 0.80907
2 rD
q 1688 c rw2
p pi p 70.6 ln
kh kt
102
 InterferenceTest
Consider three wells, well
A, B, and C that start to
produce at the same time
from infinite reservoir (Fig.
1.8). Application of the
principle of superposition
shows that

p i p wf
total at well A

p due to well A p due to well B p due to well C

In terms of Ei functions and log arithmic approximations ,

qB 948ct r 2
p pi 70.6 Ei (1.7)
kh kt
qB 948ct r 2
or pi p 70.6 Ei 103
kh kt
p p
i wf total at well A

q A B 948ctrw2 qB B 948ctrAB
2

70.6 Ei 2 s A 70.6 Ei
kh kt kh kt
qC B 948ctrAC 2

70.6 Ei (1.49a )
kh kt
q A B 1688ctrw A qB B 948ctrAB
2 2
70.6 ln 2 s A 70.6 Ei
kh
kt kh kt
qc B 948ctrAC 2

70.6 Ei (1.49)
kh kt

104
 In Eq.(1.49), there is a skin factor for well A, but does not
include skin factors for wells B and C. Because most wells
have a nonzero skin factor and because we are modeling
pressure inside the zone of altered permeability near well A,
we must include its skin factor.

However, the pressure of nonzero skin factors for wells B and

C affects pressure only inside their zones of altered
permeability and has no influence on pressure at Well A if
Well A is not within the altered zone of either Well B or Well
C.

105
 Bounded reservoir
Consider the well (in fig. 1.9)
a distance, L, from a single
no-flow boundary.
Mathematically, this problem
is identical to the problem of
a two-well system; actual
well and image well.

p p
i wf total at well A

( pi p) due to well A ( pi p) due to well I

qB 948ct rw2 qB 948 ct 2 L

2
70.6 Ei 2s A 70.6 Ei
kh kt kh kt
qB 1688ct rw2 qB 948 ct 2 L
2
70.6 ln 2s 70.6 Ei (1.50)
kh kt kh kt 106
 Extensions of the imaging technique also can be used, for
example, to model
(1) pressure distribution for a well between two boundaries
intersecting at 90;
(2) the pressure behavior of a well between two parallel
boundaries; and
(3) pressure behavior for wells in various locations completely
surrounded by no-flow boundaries in rectangular-shape
reservoirs.

[ Matthews, C. S., Brons, F., and Hazebroek, P.: A method for

determination of average pressure in a bounded reservoir, Trans,
AIME (1954) 201, 182-191

107
 Variable flow-rate
Consider t he case (fig. 1.10) in
which a well produces at rate
q1 0 t t1
q2 t1 t t 2
q3 t2 t
What is the pressure at the sandface of the well ?
p i p wf
total
ptotal
pdue to well 1 p due to well 2 pdue to well 3

q1 B 1688 ct rw2
70.6 ln
2s
kh kt

70.6
q 2 q1 B 1688 ct rw2



ln 2 s
kh k t t1
q3 q2 B 1688 ct rw2
70.6 ln 2s (1.51) 108
kh k t t 2
 Proceeding in a similar way, we can model an actual well with
dozens of rate changes in its history

we also can model the rate history for a well with a

continuously changing rate (with a sequence of constant-rate
periods at the average rate during the period).

109
Example 1.5 Use of superposition
Given :
A flowing well is completed in a reservoir that have the
following properties :
pi 2500 psi B 1.32 RB / STB 0.44 cp k 25 md
h 43 ft ct 18 10 6 psi 1 0.16
What will the pressure drop be in a shut - in well 500ft from
the flowing well(A) when the flowing well has been shut in for 1 day following
a flow period of 5 days at 300 STB/D?

110
Solutions :
70.6q1B 948ct r 2
p p
i well B Ei
kh kt
70.6q2 q1 B 948ct r 2
Ei
kh k t t1
70.6 B 948ct r 2 948ct r 2
pi p q1 Ei q2 q1 Ei
kh kt k t t1
948ct r 2 948 0.06 0.04 18 10 6 500
2

sin ce 12.01
k 25
70.6 B 70.6 0.44 1.32
0.0381
kh 25 43
12.01 12.01
pi p 0.0381300 Ei 0 300Ei
6 24 1 24
0.0381 300Ei 0.0834 Ei 0.500
11.43 1.993 0.560 111
16.37 psi
 1.6 Horners Approximation
In 1951, Horner reported an approximation that can be used in
many cases to avoid the use of superposition in modeling the
production history of a variable-rate well.
With this approximation, we can replace the sequence of Ei
functions, reflecting rate changes, with a single Ei function that
contains a single producing time and a single producing rate.
The single rate is the most recent nonzero rate at which the well
was produced; we call this rate qlast for now.
This single producing time is found by dividing cumulative
production from the well by the most recent rate; we call this
producing time tp, or pseudoproducing time

cumulative producing from well , N p ( STB)

t p (hours ) 24 (1.52)
most recent rate, qlast ( STB / D)
112
Then, to model pressure behavior at any point in a reservoir, we can
use the simple equation
70.6 qlast B 948ct r 2
pi p Ei (1.53)
kh kt p

Two questions arise logically at this point :

(1) What is the basis for this approximat ion ?
(2) Under wha t conditions is it applicable ?

113
(1) The basis for the approximation is not rigorous, but intuitive,
and is founded on two criteria:

(a) Use the most recent rate, such a rate, maintained for any
significant period

(b) Choose an effective production time such that the

product of the rate and the production time results in the
correct cumulative production. In this way, material
balance will be maintained accurately.

114
 (2) If the most recent rate is maintained sufficiently
long for the radius of investigation achieved at this rate
to reach the drainage radius of the tested well, then
Horners approximation is always sufficiently accurate.

We find that, for a new well that undergoes a series of

rather rapid rate changes, it is usually sufficient to
establish the last constant rate for at least twice as long
as the previous rate.

When there is any doubt about whether these guidelines

are satisfied, the safe approach is to use superposition
to model the production history of the well.
115
Example 1.6 Application of Horners Approximation

Given: the Production history was as follows:

Find : (1) t p ?
(2) Is Horner' s approximat ion adequate for this case?
If not, how should the production history for this
well be simulated?

116
Solutions :
68 ( STB) 24 (hrs )
(1) qlast 22.7 STB
72 (hrs ) 1 ( Day ) D

t p 24
Np
24
52 0 46 68
24
166
175.5 hrs
qlast 22.7 22.7

t last 72 (hrs )
(2) 2.76 2
t next tolast 26 (hrs )
Thus, Horner' s approximat ion is probably adequate for the case.

117
118
 Reference Books
(A) Lee, J.W., Well Testing, Society of petroleum Engineers of AIME, Dallas, Texas,,
1982.

(B) Earlougher, R.C., Jr., Advances in Well Test Analysis, Society of Petroleum
Engineers, Richardson, Texas, 1977, Monograph Series, Vol. 5.

(1) Carlson, M.R., Practical Reservoir Simulation: Using, Assessing, and Developing
Results, PennWell Publishing Co., Houston,TX, 2003.

(2) FANCHI, J.R., Principles of Applied Reservoir Simulation, Second Edition,

PennWell Publishing Co., Houston,TX, 2001.
(3) Ertekin, T., Basic Applied Reservoir Simulation, PennWell Publishing Co.,
Houston,TX, 2003.

(4) Koederitz, L.F., Lecture Notes on Applied Reservoir Simulation, World Scientific
Publishing
Company, MD, 2005

119
 Introduction
This course intended to explain how to use well
pressures and flow rates to evaluate the formation
surrounding a tested well , by analytical and
numerical methods.

Basis to this discussion is an understanding of

(1) the theory of fluid flow in porous media, and
(2) pressure-volume-temperature (PVT) relations for
fluid systems of practical interest.

120
 Introduction (cont.)
One major purpose of well testing is to determine the ability of
a formation to produce fluids.

Further, it is important to determine the underlying reason for

a wells productivity.

A properly designed, executed, and analyzed well test usually

can provide information about
FORMATION PERMEABILITY,
extent of WELLBORE DAMAGE (or STIMULATION),
RESERVOIR PRESSURE, and (perhaps)
RESERVOIR BOUNDARIES and
HETEROGENEITIES.

121
 Introduction (cont.)
The basic test method is to create a pressure drawdown in the
wellbore, this causes formation fluids to enter the wellbore.

If we measure the flow rate and the pressure in the wellbore

during production or the pressure during a shut-in period
following production, we usually will have sufficient
information to characterize the tested well.

122
 Introduction (cont.)
This course discusses
(1) basic equations that describe the unsteady-state flow of fluids in
porous media,
(2) pressure buildup tests,
(3) pressure drawdown tests,
(4) other flow tests,
(5) type-curve analysis,
(6) gas well tests,
(7) interference and pulse tests, and
(8) drillstem and wireline formation tests

Basic equations and examples use engineering units (field units)

123
Chapter 1 Fluid Flow in Porous Media

124
 1.1 Introduction
(a) Discussion of the differential equations that are used most often
to model unsteady-state flow.

(b) Discussion of some of the most useful solutions to these

equations, with emphases on the exponential-integral solution
describing radial, unsteady-state flow.

(c) Discussion of the radius-of-investigation concept

(d) Discussion of the principle of superposition

Superposition, illustrated in multiwell infinite reservoirs, is used
to simulate simple reservoir boundaries and to simulate variable
rate production histories.

(e) Discussion of pseudo production time.

125
 1.2 The ideal reservoir model
Assumptions used
(1) Slightly compressible liquid (small and constant
compressibility)
(2) Radial flow
(3) Isothermal flow
(4) Single phase flow

Physical laws used

(1) Continuity equations (mass balances)
(2) Flow laws (Darcys law)

126
Derivation of continuity equation

127
 (A) In Cartesian coordinate system
For an infinite small fixed control volume (dx, dy, dz)
with a velocity vector field of V u, v, w

128
From Reynolds transpor t theorem
dBsys
dt



t CV

dV v n dA
CS

For Bsys msys mass

dBsys dm
1
dm dm
dmsys
dV v n dA 0
dt t CV CS

In a porous media in which porous space and rock matrix exist in a volume of V
dmsys
n dA 0
t
d V v
dt CV CS

where V [] Apparent volume

V [] True volume

v [] Apparent velocity Va
A [] Apparent area
129
In the derivation ,
V [] Apparent volume ( pore volume matrix volume)
v[] Apparent velocity
A[] Apparent area ( pore area matrix area )

dmsys
d V v n dA 0
dt t CV CS

d V v n dA 0
CV
t CS

d V i vi Ai out i vi Ai in 0
CV
t i i

i vi Ai in i vi Ai out d V (a)
i i CV
t
Rate of Rate of

mass int o
mass out Rate of accumulation
the system the system
130
For dxdydz dV 0 and cons tan t in dV

d V dV dV dxdydz
CV
t t t t

or d V dxdydz (b)
CV
t t

Eq.(a) and Eq.(b)

v A v A
i i i in i i i out dxdydz (c)
i i t

Base on the figure on page 2, the term i vi Ai of can be estimated

Face Inlet mass flow outlet mass flow
u
x udydz u dx dydz
x
v
y vdxdz v dy dxdz
y
w
z wdxdy w dz dxdy 131
z
Introduce these term into Eq.(c)
u v
udydz u dx dydz vdxdz v dy dxdz
x y
w
wdxdy w dz dxdy dxdydz
z t
u v w
dxdydz dxdydz
x y z t
u v w
0
t x y z

t

v 0

where , , v u, v, w
x y z

132
 (B) In Cylindrical Polar Coordinates
For an infinitesi mal fixed control volume dr, rd , dz

133
From Reynolds transpor t theorem
dBsys
dt



t CV

dV v n dA
CS

For Bsys msys

dBsys
dm
1
dm dm
dmsys
dV v n dA 0
dt t CV CS

In porous media

d V i vi Ai out i vi Ai in 0
CV
t i i

i i i in i i i out d V (a)

i
v A v A
i

t
CV

Rate of Rate of
Rate of accumulation
mass in mass out
For rdrddz 0

d V dr rd dz 134
CV
t t
Base on the figure on the top
Face Inlet mass flow outlet mass flow

r direction rd dz vr rddz vr rddz vr rddz dr
r
1
direction dr dz v drdz v drdz v drdz rd
r

z direction dr rd vz rddr vz rddr vz rddr dz
z

135
Introduce these term into Eq.(a)

vr rddz vr rddz vr rddz dr v drdz
r
1
v drdz v drdz rd
r

v z rddr v z rddr v z rddr dz rdrd dz
z t

rvr ddrdz
1
v rddrdz vz rddrdz rdrddz
r r z t
Dividing rddrdz
1
vr r 1 v vz 0
t r r r z

t

v 0

1
where A rAr 1 A Az A Ar , A , Az
r r r z
136
For the equation of continuity for cylindrica l coordinate s, such as
1 1
( vr r ) ( v ) ( v z ) 0
t r r r z
In one - dimensiona l flow (r - direction)
1
( vr r ) 0
t r r
In porous media
1
( vr r ) 0 ( A.2)
t r r
where porosity , dim ensionless
vr sup erficial velocity
The volumetri c flow rate per unit cross - section
area in the radial direction

137
Flow laws - - Darcy' s law
k p q x
u x 0.001127 x
x A
k y p q y
u y 0.001127
y A
k p
u z 0.001127 z ( 0.00694 )
z
RB RB
where u[] q [ ] k[]md
D ft 2
D
[]cp p[] psi x, y, z[] ft

138
In radial flow
k p bbl
vr 0.001127 [ ]
r D ft 2
bbl 5.61458 ft 3
[ ]
D ft 2 1bbl
k p ft
[] 6.328 10 3 ( )
r D

k p
3 ft 1Day
vr 6.328 10
r D 24hr
4 k p ft
vr 2.634 10 ( A.3)
r hr

139
Darcy and practical units

140
Sub. Eq.(A.3) into Eq.(A.2)
1
( vr r ) 0 ( A.2)
t r r
1 4 k p
r 2.634 10 0
t r r r
1 k p
2.634 10 4 r
t r r r
1 rk p
or
1
( A.5)
r r r 2.634 10 t
4

If k const. const. const.

Eq.( A.5) becomes
1 k p
r
r r r 2.634 10 4 t
1 p p
or r 4
( A.5a)
r r r 2.634 10 k p t
141
For slightly compressib le liquid
1 dV m
c (m V ,V )
V dp
m
d
1 d 1

m dp dp


c 2 ddp 1 ddp ( A.6)
1
cdp d

p 1
cdp d
po o

c p po ln
o
o e c p po ( A.7)

p p

o e c ( p po )

o ce c ( p po ) ( A.7a ) 142
p
From Eq.( A.5a )
1 p p
r 4
( A.5a)
r r r 2.634 10 k p t
1 c ( p po ) p c ( p po ) p
r o e ce
r r r 2.634 10 4 k t
o

1
r

o e c ( p po ) p p
r
r r r r

o e c ( p po )

2.634 10 4 k
o ce c ( p po ) p

1
r

o e c ( p po )
p p
r
r r r
p
o e c ( p po ) c

r 2.634 10 4 k
o ce c ( p po ) p

t
Dividing by o e c ( p po )
1 p p c p
2

r c
r r r r 2.634 10 4 k t
p
2

where c 0
r
p
because (1)c is very small (2) pressure gradient is very small
r
1 p c p
r 4
( A.9) This is a diffusivit y equation 143
r r r 2.634 10 k t