Recent advancements in Rapid

prototyping for bio medical models.

A
SEMINAR PRESENTATION
SUBMITTED TO
GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
GUJARAT

Prepared by :-Amit Duggal Guided by:- Prof. RI Patel

150180708001 Asso. Professor
ME (CAD/CAM) Mechanical Engineering Department.
4 sem GEC Dahod.
Presentation highlights.
1. Introduction.
2. Present scenario.
3. Literature review.
4. Case studies related to the research.
5. Conclusion.
 Introduction

Rapid prototyping has a vast applications in each and every

field one of the fields is the medical science .
The presentation is concerned with the recent
advancements in the bio medical models.
Research of various authors have been studied for the same
and 3 papers has been taken for the review, which are
being summarized in the up coming slides.
 Title :- A hybrid and adaptive tool-path generation approach of rapid
prototyping and
manufacturing for biomedical models.
1. The work for geometrical accuracy and built time in rapid prototyping has been discussed
in this paper.
2. NURBS (Non-Uniform Rational B-Spline)-based curves were introduced to represent the
boundary contours of sliced layers to keep the high-fidelity information of original models.
3. A hybrid tool-path generation algorithm was then developed to generate contour and zigzag
tool-paths.
4. based on developed build time and geometrical accuracy analysis models, algorithms were
designed to generate an adaptive speed of the RP/Ms nozzle/ print head for the contour
tool-paths.
Flow chart of the methodology.
CAD Models

Slicing Slicing algorithm. NURBS based

contour
representation.

Tool path generation. Hybrid Tool path.

Adaptive tool path

RP/ m manufacturing. generation.
Steps in proposed methodology.
1.) A slicing algorithm is used to represent the boundary contour of each sliced layer as a
closed NURBS curve to maintain the representation accuracy of an original biomedical
model.

2.) A hybrid tool-path algorithm is used to generate contour and zigzag tool-paths for each
layer to meet both the geometrical accuracy and build efficiency requirements.

3.) Build time and geometrical accuracy analysis models are used for contour and zigzag
tool-path computation and evaluation.
Cloud Data based on Geometrical
model.
Cloud Data is computed for the model and joined by lines to

form a smooth and fine shape.

Respective data is represented in different file formats

according to the need of the model.

Accurate and precise model can be made with the help of the

cloud data.
Examples of Cloud data

Fig :- Irregular surface of a CAD

model.

Fig :- Cloud data of a rabbit

body.
Fig :- Cloud Data have been collected from a human left feet and modeled using
quick surface Reconstruction.
 Now based on the geometry two different types of contour curves have been generated
which are seen below in the figure.

When point p is between the two intersected lines the control point is defined as convex
other wise the control point is conave.
Offset Curve generation for type I and
type II contour curve.
Based on the central point of the control point of the contour
curve following equations can be derived for the contour
curve.

C_Pk,j = D+ . (C_Pk,1.-D)
Where,
C_Pk,j = Offset contour curve in Ith layer.
= ratio to generate new control points.
 Derived formulas based on the study and
generated algorithm.(Type I & Type II
contour)

Accuracy of the geometrical model.

Graph based on the Study.

Based on the study and derived formulas the author plotted graphs on nozzle speed vs
length of segments.
 Errors in the model

Type I Error :- It is the error between the adjacent edges of the model ,this type of error is also
called as the Stair Case effect and the height is called as the Cusp height.

Type II error :- It the distance between the slicing errors of the model.
 Case study of Models
A Navicular model.(19.37 sec)
An iliac model.(52.94 sec )
A cuneiform model.(26.42 sec)
A cuboid model.(37.27 sec )
A patella model.(37.84 sec )
 Conclusion.
Adaptive tool-path generation algorithms and strategies is been presented to improve geometrical
accuracy and to reduce build time for biomedical model fabrication in RP/M.

In order to maintain the geometrical accuracy of original biomedical models during the RP/M process, a
NURBS to represent-based slicing algorithm was designed. This algorithm can enable to establish a good
original data source and ensure high information fidelity for further RP/M tool-path generation.

Five biomedical models with different complex shapes and geometries were used to verify and
demonstrate that the developed approach has achieved significantly improved performance in terms of
algorithm effectiveness, robustness and generality. The research provides a promising solution to be
applicable to practical cases in biomedical industries.