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Topics
1. LC Oscillations, Qualitatively
2. Damped Oscillations in an RLC Circuit
3. Alternating Current
4. Three Simple Circuits
5. The Series RLC Circuit
6. Power in Alternating Current Circuits
7. Transformers
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1. LC Oscillations, Qualitatively
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The energy stored in the electric field of the capacitor at any time is
The energy stored in the magnetic field of the inductor at any time is
As the circuit oscillates, energy shifts back and forth from one type
of stored energy to the other, but the total amount is conserved.
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The time-varying potential difference (or voltage) VC that exists across
the capacitor C is
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The Electrical Mechanical Analogy:
One can make an analogy between the oscillating LC system and an
oscillating blockspring system.
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The Block-Spring Oscillator:
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The LC Oscillator:
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Angular Frequencies:
But
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The electrical energy stored in the LC circuit at time t is,
Note that
The maximum values of UE and UB are both Q2/2C.
At any instant the sum of UE and UB is equal to Q2/2C, a constant.
When UE is maximum, UB is zero, and conversely.
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Example, LC oscillator, potential charge, rate of current change
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2. Damped Oscillations in an RLC Circuit:
L C
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Where
And
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Example, Damped RLC Circuit:
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3. Alternating Current The basic mechanism of an
alternating-current generator is a
conducting loop rotated in an
external magnetic field.
In practice, the alternating emf
induced in a coil of many turn of
wire is made accessible by means
of slip rings attached to the
rotating loop.
Each ring is connected to one end
of the loop wire and is electrically
connected to rest of the generator
circuit by a conducting brush
against which the ring slips as the
Fig.2. An alternating-current generator loop (and it) rotates
wd is called the driving angular frequency, and I is the amplitude of the
driven current.
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4. Three Simple Circuits:
(1). A Resistive Load:
- vR = 0 vR = m Sin dt = VR Sin dt
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(2). A Capacitive Load:
Fig. 6. A capacitor is
connected across an
alternating-current
generator XC is called the capacitive reactance of
a capacitor. The SI unit of XC is the
ohm, just as for resistance R.
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Fig.7. (a) The current in the capacitor leads the voltage by 900 (/2 rad)
(b) A phasor diagram shows the same thing.
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Example, Purely capacitive load: potential difference and current
VL
iL
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Rotation of phasors
at rate d
vL VL
iL IL
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Example, Purely inductive load
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Table 1. Phase and Amplitude Relations for Alternating currents and
Voltages
Circuit Resistance or Phase of Phase Constant Amplitude
Element Symbol Reactance Current (or angle) Relation
Resistor R R In phase with 00(=0 rad) VR=IR R
VR
Capacitor C XC= 1/(dC) Leads VC by -900(=-/2 rad) VC=IC XC
900 (=/2
rad)
Inductor L XL= dL Lags VL by +900(=+/2 rad) VL=IL XL
900 (=/2
rad)
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5. The Series RLC Circuit
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Fig.11.
(c) A phasor representing the
alternating emf that drives the current
of (a).
(d) The emf phasor is equal to the
vector sum of the three voltage
(c) phasors of (b).Here, voltage phasors VL
and VC have been added vectorially to
yield their net phasor (VL-VC).
(d)
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Resonance:
at resonance.
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6. Power in Alternating Current Circuits:
The instantaneous rate at which energy is dissipated in the resistor:
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Where
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Example, Driven RLC circuit:
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7. Transformers
In electrical power distribution systems it is desirable for reasons
of safety and for efficient equipment design to deal with relatively
low voltages at both the generating end (the electrical power
plant) and the receiving end (the home or factory).
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A device with which we can raise and
lower the ac voltage in a circuit,
keeping the product current voltage
essentially constant, is called the
transformer.
The ideal transformer consists of two
coils, with different numbers of turns,
wound around an iron core. Fig. 12. An ideal transformer (two
In use, the primary winding, of Np coils wound on an iron core) in a
basic transformer circuit. An ac
turns, is connected to an alternating-
generator produces current in the
current generator whose emf at any coil at the left (the primary). The
time t is given by =m Sint coil the right (the secondary) is
connected to the resistive load R
when switch S is closed.
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The secondary winding, of Ns turns, is connected to load resistance R,
but its circuit is an open circuit as long as switch S is open.
The small sinusoidally changing primary current Imax produces a
sinusoidally changing magnetic flux B in the iron core.
Because B varies, it induces an emf ( dB/dt) in each turn of the
secondary. This emf per turn is the same in the primary and the
secondary. Across the primary, the voltage : Vp =Eturn Np.
Similarly, across the secondary the voltage is Vs =EturnNs.
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If Ns >Np, the device is a step-up transformer because it steps the
primarys voltage Vp up to a higher voltage Vs.
Similarly, if Ns <Np, it is a step-down transformer.
Here Req is the value of the load resistance as seen by the generator.
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Example, Transformer
A transformer on a utility pole operates at VP=8,5 kV on the primary
side and supplies electrical energy to a number of nearby house at
VS =120 V, both quantities being rms values. Assume an ideal step-
down transformer, a purely resistive load, and a power factor of
unity.
(a) What is the turns ratio NP/NS of the transformer?.
(b)The average rate of energy consumption (for dissipation ) in the
house served by the transformer is 78 kW. What are the rms
currents in the primary and secondary of the transformer?