Chapter 5.

Silica-Fume
Concrete Projects
Bridge Decks
Parking Structure
High-Rise Columns
HPC Bridge
Shotcrete Rehabilitation
HPC Constructability
Bridge Decks -- New
Construction and
Overlays
(Fly Ash and Silica Fume
Combination)

Chapter
Outline
Project:
Bridge Deck Construction
New York State DOT
High-Performance Concrete
Requirements:

Resist chloride ion penetration

Minimize cracking
Concrete Mixture:

Portland cement 500 lb/yd3

Fly ash 135 lb/yd3
Silica fume 40 lb/yd3
w/cm 0.40
Slump 3-4 inches
Air 6.5 %
Wet cure 7 days
Concrete Performance:
Rapid chloride
permeability: < 1,600 coulombs

Compressive strength,
28 days: > 5,400 psi

Results indicated that Class HP decks

performed better than previously specified
concrete in resisting both longitudinal and
transverse cracking.
Project:
Bridge Deck Construction
New York State DOT
High-Performance Concrete
Requirements:

Resist chloride ion penetration

Minimize cracking
SI
Concrete Mixture:

Portland cement 300 kg/m3

Fly ash 80 kg/m3
Silica fume 25 kg/m3
w/cm 0.40
Slump 75-100 mm
Air 6.5 %
Wet cure 7 days
SI
Concrete Performance:
Rapid chloride
permeability: < 1,600 coulombs

Compressive strength,
28 days: > 37 MPa

Results indicated that Class HP decks

performed better than previously specified
concrete in resisting both longitudinal and
transverse cracking.
SI
Bridge Deck Overlay
(High Silica Fume Content)

Chapter
Outline
Project:
Bridge Deck Overlay, Ohio DOT
Beverly, Ohio

Requirements:

Resist chloride ion penetration

4,500 psi at 28 days
RCP < 1,000 coulombs
Concrete Mixture:

Portland cement, Type I 700 lb/yd3

Silica fume 70 lb/yd3
w/cm 0.36
Slump 4-8 in.
Air 6-10%
HRWRA 20 fl oz/cwt
WRA, Type D 3 fl oz/cwt
Concrete Performance:

Rapid chloride
permeability 600 coulombs

Compressive strength,
28 days 7,000 psi
Project:
Bridge Deck Overlay, Ohio DOT
Beverly, Ohio

Requirements:

Resist chloride ion penetration

31 MPa at 28 days
RCP < 1,000 coulombs
SI
Concrete Mixture:

Portland cement, Type I 415 kg/m3

Silica fume 41.5 kg/m3
w/cm 0.36
Slump 100-200 mm
Air 6-10%
HRWRA 1.3L/100 kg
WRA, Type D 165 ml/100 kg
SI
Concrete Performance:

Rapid chloride
permeability 600 coulombs

Compressive strength,
28 days 48 MPa

SI
Parking Structure

Chapter
Outline
Project:
Parking Structure
General Mitchell Airport
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Requirements:

Resist chloride ion penetration

2,000 psi at 36 hours
5,700 psi at 56 days
Concrete Mixture:

Portland cement, Type I 565 lb/yd3

Fly ash, Class C 100 lb/yd3
Silica fume 39 lb/yd3
w/cm 0.35
WRA 12 fl oz/yd3
Slump, maximum 9 in.
Additional WRA and HRWRA in SF slurry
Concrete Performance:

Compressive strength,
36 hours: > 2,000 psi

Cores taken at 2 - 10 months averaged

< 1,000 coulombs

Slump used: 6 - 7.5 in.

Project:
Parking Structure
General Mitchell Airport
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Requirements:
Resist chloride ion penetration
14 MPa at 36 hours
40 MPa at 56 days
SI
Concrete Mixture:

Portland cement, Type I 335 kg/m3

Fly ash, Class C 60 kg/m3
Silica fume 17 kg/m3
w/cm 0.35
WRA 440 mL/m3
Slump, maximum 230 mm
Additional WRA and HRWRA in SF slurry
SI
Concrete Performance:

Compressive strength,
36 hours > 14 MPa

Cores taken at 2 - 10 months averaged

< 1,000 coulombs

Slump used: 150- 90 mm

SI
High-Rise Columns

Chapter
Outline
Project:
Key Bank Tower
Cleveland, Ohio

Requirements:

High ultimate strength, > 12,000 psi

High modulus, > 6,800,000 psi
Pumpable, 57 stories
Concrete Mixture:

Portland cement, Type I 685 lb/yd3

GGBFS 285 lb/yd3
Silica fume 80 lb/yd3
w/cm 0.24
Slump, minimum 10 in.
HRWRA 30-50 fl oz/cwt
WRA, Type A 4 fl oz/cwt
Concrete Performance:

Modulus > 7,000,000 psi

Compressive strength,
28 days > 14,000 psi
56 days > 15,000 psi
Project:
Key Bank Tower
Cleveland, Ohio

Requirements:

High ultimate strength, > 83 MPa

High modulus, > 47 GPa
Pumpable, 57 stories
SI
Concrete Mixture:

Portland cement, Type I 406 kg/m3

GGBFS 169 kg/m3
Silica fume 47 kg/m3
w/cm 0.24
Slump, minimum 250 mm
HRWRA 2.0-3.3 L/100 kg
WRA, Type A 260 mL/100 kg

SI
Concrete Performance:

Modulus > 48 GPa

Compressive strength,
28 days > 97 MPa
56 days > 103 MPa

SI
HPC Bridge

Chapter
Outline
Project:
I-25 and Yale Bridge, Colorado DOT
Denver, Colorado

Requirements:

Reduced number of spans with

shallow superstructure depth
Compressive strength: 10,000 psi
Concrete Mixture:

Portland cement, Type I 730 lb/yd3

Silica fume 35 lb/yd3
w/cm 0.29
HRWRA 44-131 fl oz/yd3
WRA 15-58 fl oz/yd3
Project:
I-25 and Yale Bridge, Colorado DOT
Denver, Colorado

Requirements:

Reduced number of spans with

shallow substructure depth
Compressive strength: 69 MPa
SI
Concrete Mixture:

Portland cement, Type I 433 kg/m3

Silica fume 21 kg/m3
w/cm 0.29
HRWRA 1.7-5.1 L/m3
WRA 0.6-2.2 L/m3

SI
 Shotcrete
Rehabilitation

Chapter
Outline
Project:
Seismic Retrofit
Littlerock Dam, California

Requirements:

Provide adequate seismic stability

for maximum credible earthquake
Compressive strength of 6,000 psi
at 28 days in a 4-in. thick overlay
Concrete Mixture:

Portland cement, Type I 682 lb/yd3

Silica fume 70 lb/yd3
Steel fibers 100 lb/yd3
w/cm 0.45
Slump 2-4 in.
Concrete Performance:

Compressive strength, cores,

> 21 days, average 7,300 psi

Pulloff testing of cores satisfied project

requirements of 150 psi

Average shotcrete thickness: 4.7 in.

Project:
Seismic Retrofit
Littlerock Dam, California
Requirements:

Provide adequate seismic stability

for maximum credible earthquake
Compressive strength of 41 MPa at
28 days in a 100-mm thick overlay
SI
Concrete Mixture:

Portland cement, Type I 405 kg/m3

Silica fume 41 kg/m3
Steel fibers 60 kg/m3
w/cm 0.45
Slump 50 - 100 mm

SI
Concrete Performance:

Compressive strength, cores,

> 28 days, average > 50 MPa

Pulloff testing of cores satisfied project

requirements of 1.0 MPa

Average shotcrete thickness: 119 mm

SI
HPC Constructability

Chapter
Outline
Project:
Canister Storage Building
Hanford Nuclear Site, WA

Requirements:
Ease of placement
Temperature control of mass concrete
High early strength for stripping
High durability
Concrete Mixture:

Portland cement, Type I 391 lb/yd3

Fly ash, Class F 150 lb/yd3
Silica fume 60 lb/yd3
w/cm 0.37
Slump 8 in.
HRWRA 150 fl oz/yd3
Mid-range WRA 60 fl oz/yd3
Concrete Performance:

Concrete temperature,
as delivered < 70 deg F
in place < 100 deg F

Compressive strength,
28 days > 6,300 psi
90 days > 7,500 psi
Concrete Mixture:

Portland cement, Type I 232 kg/m3

Fly ash, Class F 89 kg/m3
Silica fume 36 kg/m3
w/cm 0.37
Slump 200 mm
HRWRA 5.8 L/m3
Mid-range WRA 2.3 L/m3

SI
Concrete Performance:

Concrete temperature,
as delivered < 21 deg C
in place < 38 deg C

Compressive strength,
28 days > 43 MPa
90 days > 52 MPa
SI
End of Chapter 5

Main
Outline