Lecture # 2

Ch#3 Vector Calculus

(CLO-1)
 You Will Learn
Differential Length in Different Coordinates
Differential Area in Different Coordinates
Differential Volume in Different Coordinates
Linear, Surface and Volume Integral
Del Operator, Gradient, Divergence and Curl
Laplacian of a Scalar
Differential Length in Cartesian coordinate
Differential Volume & Area in Cartesian
coordinates
 Implementation
on a Cube.
Note that unit
vectors are
normal to
surface and
pointing
outward.
Differential Length, Volume & Area in
Cylindrical coordinates
Differential Length, Volume & Area in Spherical
coordinates
 Line Integral
The line integral is the integral of the tangential component of A along curve L.
Surface Integral

Note: For any

closed surface, the
unit vector showing
direction will be
normal to surface
and pointing
outward.
Volume integral
 Example 3.2
See from Text Book
(Sadiku)
Also try:
Examples: 3.1, 3.2
Practice Exercise: 3.1,3.2
Problems: 3.1, 3.2, 3.5, 3.7, 3.9, 3.34
Del Operator
Gradient, Divergence and Curl

1. Gradient: (Input: Scalar , Output: Vector)

The gradient of a scalar field V is a vector that
represents both the magnitude and the
direction of the maximum space rate of
increase of V.
Simply Explained: Direction and magnitude of
change of a scalar.
Gradient in different Coordinate Systems:
Cartesian
Coordinates:

Cylindrical
Coordinates:

Spherical
Coordinates:
Properties of Gradient:
2. Divergence: (Input: Vector , Output: Scalar)
The divergence of A at a given point P is the
outward flux per unit volume as the volume
shrinks about P. (see figure on next slide)
Simply Explained: Measure of field moving
outward from a point.

If a field is moving inward to a point, then its

divergence will negative.
 Positive Divergence

Divergence Theorem Negative Divergence

Examples of Divergence:

Zero Divergence
Note: For any
closed surface, the
unit vector showing
direction will be
normal to surface
and pointing
outward.
Divergence in different Coordinate Systems:
Cartesian
Coordinates:

Cylindrical
Coordinates:

Spherical
Coordinates:

Note that there is no vector notation in the result.

Properties of Divergence:
3. Curl: (Input: Vector , Output: Vector)
The curl of a vector field A at a point P may be
regarded as a measure of the circulation or how
much the field curls around P.
Simply Explained: Measure of rotating effect of
a field at a point.

The direction of unit vector an is given by right-

hand rule.
Examples of Curl:

Curl Normal to the page

Zero Curl
Stokes Theorem:
Curl in different Coordinate Systems:
Cartesian Coordinates:
Curl in different Coordinate Systems:
Cylindrical Coordinates:

Be careful regarding brackets in above relation.

Curl in different Coordinate Systems:
Spherical Coordinates:

Be careful regarding brackets in above relation.

Properties of Curl:
 Vector Field Categorization

IMPORTANT:
 Laplacian of a scalar
(Input: Scalar, Output: Scalar)

The Laplacian of a scalar field V, written as

Is the divergence of the gradient of V.
 Laplacian of a Vector
(Input: Vector, Output: Vector)
Problem (Divergence)
Problem (Curl)
Also try:
Examples: 3.3, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 3.11
Practice Exercise: 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.11
Problems: 3.12, 3.15, 3.16, 3.17, 3.24, 3.28,
3.29, 3.32, 3.38, 3.39, 3.44