Operating system.

Defining the
properties of the operating
system

Done by: Zhumanova K. RB-12

Checked by: Spanova B. Zh. &
Faber E. N.
 Early computers were built to perform a series of
single tasks, like a calculator. Basic operating
system features were developed in the 1950s,
such as resident monitor functions that could
automatically run different programs in
succession to speed up processing. Operating
systems did not exist in their modern and more
complex forms until the early 1960s.Hardware
features were added, that enabled use of runtime
libraries, interrupts, and parallel processing.
When personal computers became popular in
the 1980s, operating systems were made for
them similar in concept to those used on larger
computers.
1: Batch Processing
 In batch operating system the interaction of user with
computer is not direct. Users prepare an offline device like
punch card which they enter into computer operator for
further processing. Tasks requiring same resources are
batched together to increase processing speed. Operator
sorts the programs, which users left on it, into different
batches on the basis of similar requirements. OS involves
following activities relating to the interaction of users with
system:
1.The job relating to OS has three things predefined
sequence of commands, programs and single unit of data.
2.OS executes jobs without manual information from
memory.
3.Job execution is in first come first serve manner.
4.After of execution of job, the operating system releases
the occupied memory and copies the output into output
spool for further use.
 Advantages of Batch Processing:
Batch processing takes more work.
There is no manual intervention for the new
job.

Disadvantages of Batch Processing:

Difficult in debugging and there is a possibility
of a job getting stuck into infinite loop.
One job can affect other jobs due to lack of
protection.
 Multitasking, inan operating system, is
allowing a user to perform more than one
computer tasks (such as the operation of an
application program) at the same time. The
operating system is able to keep track of where
you are in these tasks and allows you to move
from one task to the other without losing
information.
This property of Operating system allows the
process to continue a task from the last
execution.
 Multi-programming is a form of parallel
processing in which several programs
are run at the same time on a uni-
processor.

Themain idea behind the process of

multi-programming is to maximize the
use of CPU time so more tasks can be
done in less time. Its ultimate goal is to
make the CPU busy as there are
processes ready to execute.
 The users should have some kind of ability
to interact with computer system. This
relation of user with computer is called
interactivity. OS involves following activities
related to interaction of users with system,
Users are provided with interface to interact
with system.
Manages input and out devices to get input
from and give output to user respectively.
For example: A keyboard is an input device
and speakers are output device.
 What are Dedicated and Embedded Systems?
A dedicated system is one which we use for one
task only, like file serving or running a database.
An embedded system is a computer system with a
dedicated function within a larger mechanical or
electrical system, often with real-time computing
constraints.
OS involves following activities related to real-time
systems:
OS reads from and react to sensor data in this
system.
To guarantee correct performance, OS have fixed
time periods for response.
 When multiple CPUs or processor are working in
a computer system then they form a distributive
environment.
OS involves following activities related to
distributive environment systems,
Each process has its own local memory and
clock and they dont share it.
The OS manages communication of the
processors through communication lines.
The computation is distributive between a
number of processors.
 Buffer collects data of various I/O jobs when
it is put into it. This is known as spooling. It is
the process when several peripheral
operations are working on line.
Memory or hard disk has special area which
can be accessed by I/O devices. It is called
buffer.
Following are the advantages of spooling:
A disk is used for spooling process which
has a large space.
Spooling is capable of overlapping I/O
operation with processor operations.
 Laptops, tablets, and desktop computers all run operating systems that
you've probably heard of.
Some examples include versions of Microsoft Windows (like Windows
10,Windows 8,Windows 7,Windows Vista, and Windows XP), Apple's
macOS (formerly OS X), iOS, Chrome OS, and flavors of the open source
operating system Linux.
Your smartphone runs an operating system too, probably either Apple's
iOS or Google's Android. Both are household names but you may not have
realized that they are the operating systems being utilized on those
devices.
Servers, like those that host the websites you visit or serve the videos you
watch, typically run specialized operating systems, designed and
optimized to run the special software required to make them do what they
do. Some examples include Windows Server, Linux, and FreeBSD.
Most software programs are designed to work with just one company's
operating system, like just Windows (Microsoft) or just macOS (Apple).
A piece of software will clearly say which operating systems it supports
and will get very specific if necessary.