First Order And Second

Order Response Of RL
And RC Circuit
Topic 5

1
 First-Order and Second-Order
Response of RL and RC
Circuit
Natural response of RL and RC Circuit
Step Response of RL and RC Circuit
General solutions for natural and step response
Sequential switching
Introduction to the natural and step response of
RLC circuit
Natural response of series and parallel RLC circuit
Step response of series and parallel RLC circuit
2
Natural response of RL and RC Circuit

RL- resistor-inductor
RC-resistor-capacitor
First-order circuit: RL or RC circuit
because their voltages and currents
are described by first-order
differential equation.

3
 Naturalresponse: refers to the
behavior (in terms of voltages and
currents) of the circuit, with no
external sources of excitation.

4
Natural response of RC circuit

5
Consider the conditions below:
1. At t < 0, switch is in a closed
position for along time.
2. At t=0, the instant when the switch
is opened
3. At t > 0, switch is not close for along
time

6
 For t 0, v(t) = V0.
For t 0: du 1
dv
u RC
ic iR 0
v (t ) 1 1 t
C
dv(t ) v(t )
0 V0 u du RC 0 dv
dt R
dv(t ) v(t ) 1
0 ln v(t ) ln V0 (t 0)
dt RC RC
dv(t )

v(t ) v(t ) t voltan
dt RC ln
dv(t ) 1 V0 RC
dt t RC
v(t ) RC v(t ) V0 e 7
 Thus for t > 0,

t RC
v(t ) V0 e
v(t ) V0 t RC
ic (t ) e
R R
1 1
W (t ) C v(t ) C V0 e
2t
2 2 RC

2 2
8
The graph of the natural response of
RC circuit

v(t ) V0 t0
t RC
V0 e t0
t
v(t ) V0 e
The time constant, = RC and thus,

9
 The time constant, determine how
fast the voltage reach the steady state:

10
Natural response of RL circuit

11
Consider the conditions below:
1. At t < 0, switch is in a closed
position for along time.
2. At t=0, the instant when the switch
is opened
3. At t > 0, switch is not close for along
time

12
 For
t 0, i(t) = I0
For t > 0,

v(t ) R i (t ) 0 i (t )1 R t
di (t ) i (0) u du L 0 dv
L R i (t ) 0
dt R
di (t ) ln i (t ) ln i (0) (t 0)
L R i (t ) L
dt
di (t ) R i (t ) R
dt ln t
i (t ) L i (0) L
du R t R L
dv i (t ) i (0) e
u L 13
 Thus for t > 0,

i (t ) I 0 e t R L 1
w(t ) L i (t )
2

2
v(t ) i (t ) R 1 2 2t R L
t R L LI 0 e
RI 0 e 2

14
 Example
The switch in the circuit has been closed
for along time before is opened at t=0.
Find
a) IL (t) for t 0
b) I0 (t) for t 0+
c) V0 (t) for t 0+
d) The percentage of the total energy stored in the 2H
inductor that is dissipated in the 10 resistor.

15
 Solution:
a) The switch has been closed for along time
prior to t=0, so voltage across the inductor
must be zero at t = 0-. Therefore the initial
current in the inductor is 20 A at t = 0-.
Hence iL (0+) also is 20 A, because an
instantaneous change in the current cannot
occur in an inductor.

16
 The equivalent resistance and time
constant:

Req 2 40 10 10

L 2
0.2 saat
Req 10

17
 The expression of inductor current, iL(t)
as,

t
i L (t ) i (0 ) e
5t
20 e A t0

18
b) The current in the 40 resistor
can be determine using current
division,

10
i0 i L
10 40

19
 Note that this expression is valid for
t 0+ because i0 = 0 at t = 0-.
The inductor behaves as a short
circuit prior to the switch being
opened, producing an instantaneous
change in the current i0. Then,

5t
i0 (t ) 4e A t0

20
c) The voltage V0 directly obtain
using Ohms law

V0 (t ) 40i0
5t
160e V t0

21
d) The power dissipated in the 10
resistor is
2
V0
p10 (t )
10
10t
2560 e W t0

22
 Thetotal energy dissipated in the
10 resistor is

W10 (t ) 2560e 10 t
dt
0

256 J
23
 Theinitial energy stored in the 2H
inductor is

1 2
W (0) L i (0)
2
1
2 400 400 J
2
24
 Therefore the percentage of
energy dissipated in the 10
resistor is,

256
100 64%
400
25
 First-Order and Second-Order
Response of RL and RC
Circuit
Natural response of RL and RC Circuit
Natural response of RL and RC Circuit
Step Response of RL and RC Circuit
General solutions for natural and step response
Sequential switching
Introduction to the natural and step response of
RLC circuit
Natural response of series and parallel RLC circuit
Step response of series and parallel RLC circuit
26
 Step response of RC circuit
The step response of a circuit is its behavior
when the excitation is the step function, which
maybe a voltage or a current source.

27
Consider the conditions below:
1. At t < 0, switch is in a closed and
opened position for along time.
2. At t=0, the instant when the switch
is opened and closed
3. At t > 0, switch is not close and
opened for along time

28
 For t 0, v(t)=V0
For t > 0,
1 du
dv
Vs v(t ) Ri (t ) RC u Vs
dv(t ) t ln v(t ) V lnV V
Vs v(t ) RC RC
s 0 s
dt
1 dv(t ) t v(t ) Vs voltan
dt ln
RC Vs v(t ) RC V0 Vs
1 dv(t ) v(t ) Vs V0 Vs e t RC

dt
RC v(t ) Vs Vs V0 29Vs e t
 Thus for t >0

V Vs V0 Vs e t

V f Vn
Where V f V s
Vn V0 Vs e t

30
 Vf = force voltage or also known
as steady state response
Vn = transient voltage is the
circuits temporary response that
will die out with time

31
Graf Sambutan Langkah Litar
RC
force
total

Natural

32
 The current for step response of RC circuit
dv
i (t ) C
dt
1 t
C (V0 Vs )e

1
V0 Vs e t

R
Vs V0 t t
e
i (t ) i (0 )e
R R 33
Step response of RL circuit

34
Consider the conditions below:
1. At t < 0, switch is in a opened
position for along time.
2. At t=0, the instant when the switch
is closed
3. At t > 0, switch is not open for along
time

35
 i(t)=I0for t 0.
For t > 0,
R du
Vs Ri (t ) v(t ) dv
L u Vs R
di (t )
Vs Ri (t ) L R t i (t ) du
dt dv
L 0 I 0 u Vs
R
Vs L di (t )
i (t ) R
t ln i (t ) Vs R ln I 0 Vs R
R R dt L
R di (t ) R i (t ) Vs R
dt V t ln Arus
L R i (t ) I0 R
s Vs
L

I 0 36 e
R di t R L
dt i (t ) Vs
R
Vs
R
L i Vs R
 Thus,

i (t ) I 0 t0
Vs
R I0 Vs
R e t R L
t0
di(t )
v(t ) L t0
dt
Vs R I 0 e t R L
t0
37
 Question
The switch in the circuit has been
open for along time. The initial charge
on the capacitor is zero. At t = 0, the
switch is closed. Find the expression for
a) i(t) for t 0
b) v(t) when t 0+
0.1F
t 0

i( t )
7.5mA v( t ) 20k 30

38
 Solution (a)
Initial voltage on the capacitor is
zero. The current in the 30k resistor
is

(7.5)(20)
i (0 ) 3mA
50

39
 The final value of the capacitor
current will be zero because the
capacitor eventually will appear as an
open circuit in terms of dc current.
Thus if = 0.
The time constant, is

6
(20 30)10 (0.1) 10
3

5ms
40
 Thus, the expression of the current
i(t) for t 0 is
t
i ( t ) i (0 )e
t
3e 510 3

200 t
3e mA t 0
41
 Solution (b)
Theinitial value of voltage is zero
and the final value is

Vf (7.5)(20) 150V

42
 The capacitor vC(t) is
v C ( t ) Vf V0 Vf e t

150 (0 150)e 200 t

200 t
150 150e V t0

Thus, the expression of v(t) is

200 t 200 t
v( t ) 150 150e (30)(3)e
200 t
(150 60e )V t 0
43
 First-Order and Second-Order
Response of RL and RC
Circuit
Natural response of RL and RC Circuit
Step Response of RL and RC Circuit
General solutions for natural and step response
Sequential switching
Introduction to the natural and step response of
RLC circuit
Natural response of series and parallel RLC circuit
Step response of series and parallel RLC circuit
44
 General solutions for natural
and step response
There is common pattern for voltages,
currents and energies:

v(t ) V f V0 V f e t

i (t ) I f I 0 I f e t

W (t ) W f W0 W f e 2t

45
 The general solution can be
computed as:

x(t ) x f x0 x f e t

46
 Write out in words:

the unknown the final the initial the final

var iable as a
t
value of the value of the value of the e time cons tan t

function of time var iable var iable var iable

47
When computing the step and natural
responses of
circuits, it may help to follow these steps:
1. Identify the variable of interest for the circuit. For
RC circuits, it is most convenient to choose the
capacitive voltage, for RL circuits, it is best to
choose the inductive current.
2. Determine the initial value of the variable, which is
its value at t0.
3. Calculate the final value of the variable, which is its
value as t.
4. Calculate the time constant of the circuit, .
48
 First-Order and Second-Order
Response of RL and RC
Circuit
Natural response of RL and RC Circuit
Step Response of RL and RC Circuit
General solutions for natural and step response
Sequential switching
Introduction to the natural and step response of
RLC circuit
Natural response of series and parallel RLC circuit
Step response of series and parallel RLC circuit
49
 Sequential switching
Sequential switching is whenever
switching occurs more than once in a
circuit.
The time reference for all switchings
cannot be t = 0.

50
 Example

First switch move form a to b at t=0 and

second switch closed at t=1ms. Find the
current, i for t 0.

51
 Step 1: current value at t=0- is determine
as assume that the first switch at point a
and second switch opened for along time.
Therefore, the current, i(0-)=10A.
When t=0, an RL circuit is obtain as

L
1ms.
R
Thus the current for 0 t 1ms is,
1000 t
i 10e A 52
 At t=t1=1ms,
1
i (t1 ) 10e
3.68 A
When switch is closed at t = 1ms, the equivalent
resistance is 1 . Then,

L 2
1 2ms
R 1
53
 Thus i for t 1ms is

( t t1 )

1
i i (t1 ) e
( t t1 )

1
3.68 e A

54
The graph of current for t 0

55
 First-Order and Second-Order
Response of RL and RC
Circuit
Natural response of RL and RC Circuit
Step Response of RL and RC Circuit
General solutions for natural and step response
Sequential switching
Introduction to the natural and step response of
RLC circuit
Natural response of series and parallel RLC circuit
Step response of series and parallel RLC circuit
56
 Second order response for RLC c
RLC circuit: consist of resistor,
inductor and capacitor
Second order response : response
from RLC circuit
Type of RLC circuit:
1. Series RLC
2. Parallel RLC
57
Natural response of parallel RLC

58
 Summing all the currents away
from node,
V 1 t dv
vd I 0 C 0
R L 0 dt

59
 Differentiating once with respect
to t,
2
1 dv v d v
C 2 0
R dt L dt
2
d v 1 dv v
2
0
dt RC dt LC
60
 Assume that v Ae st

As st A st
As e
2 st
e e 0
RC LC
2 s 1
Ae s
st
0
RC LC

characteristic equation
61
 Characteristic equation is zero:

2 s 1
s 0
RC LC

62
 The two roots:

2
1 1 1
s1
2 RC 2 RC LC
2
1 1 1
s2
2 RC 2 RC LC

63
 Thenatural response of series
RLC:

v A1 e A2 e
s1t s2t

64
 The two roots:

s1 0
2 2

2
s2 0
2

where:
1 1
0
2 RC 65
LC
 Summary
Parameter Terminology Value in natural
response

s 1, s 2 Charateristic s1 2 0
2

equation
s2 2 0
2

Neper frequency 1

2 RC
Resonant radian
1
0 frequency
0
LC
66
 The two roots s1 and s2 are depend
on and o value.
3 possible condition is:
1. If o < 2 , the voltage response is
overdamped
2. If o > 2 , the voltage response is
underdamped
3. If o = 2 , the voltage response is
critically damped
67
 Overdamped voltage
response
overdamped voltage solution

v A1 e s1t
A2 e s2t

68
 Theconstant of A1 dan A2 can be
obtain from,

v(0 ) A1 A2

dv(0 )
s1 A1 s2 A2
dt

69
 Thevalue of v(0+) = V0 and initial
value of dv/dt is

dv(0 ) iC (0 )

dt C

70
The process for finding the overdamped
response, v(t) :
1. Find the roots of the characteristic
equation, s1 dan s2, using the value
of R, L and C.
2. Find v(0+) and dv(0+)/dt using circuit
analysis.

71
3. Find the values of A1 and A2 by solving
equation below simultaneously:

v(0 ) A1 A2

dv(0 ) iC (0 )
s1 A1 s2 A2
dt C
4. Substitute the value for s1, s2, A1 dan
A2 to determine the expression for v(t)
for t 0.
72
 Exampleof overdamped voltage
response for v(0) = 1V and i(0)
=0

73
Underdamped voltage response

When o2 > 2, the roots of the

characteristic equation are
complex and the response is
underdamped.

74
 The roots s1 and s2 as,
2
s1 (0 ) 2

2
j 0 2

jd
s2 jd
d : damped radian frequency 75
 Theunderdamped voltage
response of a parallel RLC circuit
is
t
v( t ) B1 e cos d t
t
B2 e sin d t

76
 The constants B1 dan B2 are real
not complex number.
The two simultaneous equation that

determine B1 and B2 are:

v(0 ) V0 B1

dv(0 ) iC (0 )
1B1 d B2
dt C 77
 Example of underdamped voltage
response for v(0) = 1V and i(0) = 0

78
 Critically Damped voltage
response
A circuit is critically damped when
o2 = 2 ( o = ). The two roots of
the characteristic equation are real
and equal that is,
1
s1 s2
2 RC
79
 The solution for the voltage is
t t
v(t ) D1t e D2 e
The two simultaneous equation needed to
determine D1 and D2 are,

v(0 ) V0 D2

dv(0 ) iC (0 )
D1 D2
dt C 80
 Example of the critically damped
voltage response for v(0) = 1V and
i(0) = 0

81
The step response of a
parallel RLC circuit

82
 From the KCL,

iL iR iC I
v dv
iL C I
R dt
83
 di
Because
vL
dt
2
We get dv d iL
L 2
dt dt
84
 Thus,

2
L diL d iL
iL LC 2 I
R dt dt
2
d iL 1 diL iL I
2

dt RC dt LC LC
85
 Thereis two approach to solve
the equation that is direct
approach and indirect approach.

86
 Indirect approach

From the KCL:

1 t v dv
L 0
vd
R
C
dt
I

87
 Differentiate once with respect to
t:
2
v 1 dv d v
C 2 0
L R dt dt
2
d v 1 dv v
2
0
dt RC dt LC
88
 Thesolution for v depends on the
roots of the characteristic equation:

v A1 e A2 e
s1t s2t

t
v B1 e cos d t
t
B2 e sin d t
t t
v D1t e D2 e89
 Substitute into KCL equation :

iL I A1 e A2 es1t s2t

t
iL I B1 e cos d t
t
B2 e sin d t
t t
iL I D1 t e D2 e 90
 Direct approach

Itis much easier to find the primed

constants directly in terms of the
initial values of the response
function.

A1 , A2 , B1 , B2 , D1 , D2
91
 The primed constants could be
find from

diL (0)
i L ( 0) and
dt
92
 The solution for a second-order
differential equation equals the
forced response plus a response
function identical in form to
natural response.

93
 IfIf and Vf is the final value of the
response function, the solution for
the step function can be write in the
form,
Function of the same form
i If
as the natural response
function of the same form
v Vf
as the natural response
94

Natural response of a series RLC

Theprocedures for finding the natural

response of a series RLC circuit is the
same as those to find the natural
response of a parallel RLC circuit
because both circuits are described
by differential equations that have
same form.

95
Series RLC circuit

96
 Summing the voltage around the
loop,

di 1 t
Ri L i d V0 0
dt C 0

97
 Differentiate once with respect to
t,
2
di d i i
R L 2 0
dt dt C
2
d i R di i
2
0
dt L dt LC
98
 The characteristic equation for
the series RLC circuit is,

R 1
s s
2
0
L LC

99
 Theroots of the characteristic
equation are,
2
R R 1
s1, 2
2L 2 L LC
@
2
s1, 2 0
2
100
 Neper frequency () for series
RLC,
R
rad / s
2L
And the resonant radian frequency,

1
0 rad / s
LC
101
The current response will be
overdamped, underdamped or
critically damped according to,

2
2
0 2
0 2

2
0 2
102
 Thusthe three possible solutions fo
the currents are,

i (t ) A1 e A2 e
s1t s2t

t
i (t ) B1e cos d t
t
B2 e sin d t
t t
i (t ) D1t e D2 e 103
 Step response of series RLC

Theprocedures is the same as

the parallel circuit.

104
Series RLC circuit

105
 Use KVL,

di
v Ri L vC
dt

106
 Thecurrent, i is related to the
capacitor voltage (vC ) by
expression,

dv C
iC
dt
107
 Differentiate once i with respect
to t
2
di d vC
C 2
dt dt

108
 Substitute into KVL equation,

2
d vC R dvC vC V
2

dt L dt LC LC

109
 Three possible solution for vC are,

vC V f A1 e A2 e s1t s2t

t
vC V f B1 e cos d t
t
B2 e sin d t
t t
vC V f D1 t e D2 e
110
Example 1 (Step response of parallel
RLC)

The initial energy stored in the circuit is zero.

At t = 0, a DC current source of 24mA is
applied to the circuit. The value of the resistor
is 400.
1. What is the initial value of iL?
2. What is the initial value of diL/dt?
3. What is the roots of the characteristic
equation?
4. What is the numerical expression for iL(t)
111
when t 0?
112
 Solution
1. No energy is stored in the circuit
prior to the application of the DC
source, so the initial current in the
inductor is zero. The inductor
prohibits an instantaneous change in
inductor current, therefore iL(0)=0
immediately after the switch has
been opened.
113
2. The initial voltage on the capacitor is
zero before the switch has been
opened, therefore it will be zero
immediately after. Because

di L thus di L (0 )
vL 0
dt dt
114
 3. From the circuit elements,
12
2 1 10
0 16 10 8

LC (25)(25)
9
1 10

2 RC (2)(400)(25)
5 10 rad / s
4 25 10
2 8

115
 Thusthe roots of the
characteristic equation are real,

s1 5 10 3 10
4 4

20 000 rad / s
s 2 5 10 3 10
4 4

80 000 rad / s
116
 4. The inductor current response
will be overdamped.

i L I f A1 e s1t
A2 e s2t

117
 Two simultaneous equation:

i L (0) I f A1 A2 0
di L (0)
s1 A1 s 2 A2 0
dt

A1 32mA A2 8mA
118
 Numerical solution:

24 32e 20000t

iL (t ) 80000t
mA

8e
untuk t0

119
Example 2 (step response
of series RLC)

No energy is stored in the

100mH inductor or 0.4F
capacitor when switch in the
circuit is closed. Find vC(t) for
t 0.
120
121
 Solution
The roots of the characteristic equation:
2 6
280 280 10
s1
0.2 0.2 0.1 0.4
1400 j 4800 rad / s
s 2 1400 j 4800 rad / s
122
 The roots are complex, so the
voltage response is
underdamped. Thus:
1400t
vC 48 B1 e cos 4800t
1400t
B2 e sin 4800t t0

123
 No energy is stored in the circuit
initially, so both vC(0) and
dvC(0+)/dt are zero. Then:

vC (0) 0 48 B1

dvC (0 )
0 4800B2 1400B1
dt
124
 Solving for B1and B2yields,

B1 48V

B2 14V
125
 Thus, the solution for vC(t),

48 48 e
1400 t
cos 4800t
vC (t ) 1400 t
V

14 e sin 4800t
for t0

126