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transmission lines:
part 2
Power Transmission
and Distribution
Siemens AG 2006
SIPROTEC 4
Distance Protection
for Transmission Lines
Part2
Siemens AG 2006
Page 2 TLQ 2004 Distance Protection Part2 Power Transmission and Distribution
Method used in 7SA52 and 7SA6 to measure I and V
Using a signal model (Kalman-Filter)
I R L
V
Phasors
Z = R + jL
V = I Z
Estimate the phasors V and I using the least squares method (minimised
errors)
Im
kTA
yk A sin 0 k TA B cos0 k TA e C cos0 k TA
current
yk a sin 0 k TA b cos0 k TA b b Re
Siemens AG 2006
Page 3 TLQ 2004 Distance Protection Part2 Power Transmission and Distribution
Impedance calculation using U- and I-phasors
Principle
U U e jU U e jtU
R Z
U tU I I e j I I e jtI X
Z U I
I tI Z Z e j Z Z cos Z j sin Z
t 0
R jX
U U e jU U j U I U
cos U I j sin U I
U
Z j I
e
I I e I I I
R X
Siemens AG 2006
Page 4 TLQ 2004 Distance Protection Part2 Power Transmission and Distribution
Fast adaptive impedance measurement
Filters with different lengths
E. g. Zone Z1
Estimate 1 (n=5)
Estimate 2 (n=6)
Estimate 3 (n=8)
Estimate 4 (n=10)
Estimate 5 (n=13)
Estimate 6 (n=15)
Normal 1 (n = 21)
Normal 2 (n = 26)
Normal 3
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Jump detected ms
Siemens AG 2006
Page 6 TLQ 2004 Distance Protection Part2 Power Transmission and Distribution
SIR - Definition
If
ZL ZS
E
SIR
G VF ZL
E
Vf
distance relay
1 SIR
Note: SIR trip time curves are mostly related to zone 1, i.e. ZL = Z1
Siemens AG 2006
Page 7 TLQ 2004 Distance Protection Part2 Power Transmission and Distribution
SIR - Considerations about line length and infeed
Siemens AG 2006
Page 8 TLQ 2004 Distance Protection Part2 Power Transmission and Distribution
Trip time curves at SIR = 1
SIRSIR=1
= 1 (A-G)
(A G)
50
45
40
35 Other relays
30
tripping time (ms)
25
20
15
7SA522
10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
% of zone setting
Siemens AG 2006
Page 9 TLQ 2004 Distance Protection Part2 Power Transmission and Distribution
Trip time curves at SIR = 30
SIR=30 (A-G)
SIR = 30 (A G)
50
45
40
Other relays
35
30
tripping time (ms)
25
20
7SA522
15
10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
% of zone setting
High SIR (low voltage) doesnt effect the tripping time in numerical relays
Siemens AG 2006
Page 10 TLQ 2004 Distance Protection Part2 Power Transmission and Distribution
Conventional relays: limiting of the starting
characteristic area for phase-selective fault detection
UL1 - UL2 impedance of
IL1
L1
faulted loop:
UL1
IL2 L2 UL1
K IL1 ZL1-E =
IL3 L3
IE IL1 - KE IE
IE UL1 UL2 UL3 E im p e d a n c e o f
UL3 UL2 h e a lt h y lo o p s :
distance relay
Z L 2 -E = U L2
X UL3 - UL1
IL2 - K E IE
quadrilateral Z U L3
L 3 -E =
ZL1-L2 IL3 - K E IE
ZL3-L1
Z U L1 - U L2
L 1 -L 2 =
MHO IL1 - IL2
ZL1-E
Z U L2 - U L3
L 2 -L 3 =
R IL2 - IL3
ZL3-E
Z U L3 - U L1
ZL2-E L 3 -L 1 =
- IL1
IL3
Siemens AG 2006
Page 11 TLQ 2004 Distance Protection Part2 Power Transmission and Distribution
Distance protection
Stepped process of phase selection
Impedance comparison N Y
n=1
of fault loop impedances
Comparison of N Y
I2 and I0 components n=1
comparison of Load N Y
compensated currents n=1
Y
n=1
Siemens AG 2006
Page 12 TLQ 2004 Distance Protection Part2 Power Transmission and Distribution
Earth loop elimination with virtual impedance
Z L-E min
Z = Vph-e / Iph
Advantage is that earth current does not result in small unfaulted loops.
Only the faulted loop is calculated with fault current
Siemens AG 2006
Page 13 TLQ 2004 Distance Protection Part2 Power Transmission and Distribution
Distance protection
Modern methods of phase selection
I2
IF/3
L3 L2 I0
Siemens AG 2006
Page 14 TLQ 2004 Distance Protection Part2 Power Transmission and Distribution
Phase selection
Differenciating between single and double Ph-E fault
Sector A
I 0 1 I L1 I L2 I L3
3
I 2 1 I L1 a2 I L2 a I L3
I2
3
I0 I2 : L -E or L -L -E fault
1 2 3
Sector C a I2 a2 I2 Sector B
I 0 a2 I 2 : L -E or L -L -E fault
2 3 1
I0 a I2 : L -E or L -L -E fault
3 1 2
1-Ph-E fault:
After load compensation: Currents in the healthy
phases are zero or have opposite phase position
Ph-Ph-E fault:
After load compensation: Currents in faulted phases have same amplitude and
show a phase difference of 120 to 180 degree dependent on earthing conditions
Siemens AG 2006
Page 15 TLQ 2004 Distance Protection Part2 Power Transmission and Distribution