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Naval Materials
Definition
- normal load, shear load
- tension, compression
- stress, strain
Stress and Strain Diagram
Material Characteristics
- ductility
- brittleness
- toughness
- transition temperature
- endurance limit
5.1 Classifying Load
Normal Load (Axial load) : Load is perpendicular to the
supporting material.
- Tension Load : As the ends of material are pulled apart
to make the material longer, the load is called a tension
load.
- Compression Load : As the ends of material are pushed in
to make the material smaller, the load is called
a compression load.
Tension
Compression
5.1 Classifying Load (cont)
Shear Load : Tangential load
pulling apart
Cargo
Pressure
5.2 Stress and Strain
Strain :
- Ratio of elongation of a material to the original length
- unit deformation
Lo e
e
Lo L
e : elongation (ft)
Lo : unloaded(original) length of a material (ft)
: strain (ft/ft) or (in/in)
Elongation
e L Lo
L : loaded length of a material (ft)
Baldwin Hydraulic Machine for Tension & Compression test
5.3 Stress-Strain Diagram
Strain
yield Fracture
strength Hardening
y 5
2
Elastic region
Plastic slope=Youngs(elastic) modulus
Region yield strength
Plastic region
ultimate tensile strength
Elastic strain hardening
E Region
4
fracture
1
E
E
y
Strain ( ) (e/Lo)
2 1
A36 Steel
Strength
Hardness
Ductility
Brittleness
Toughness
5.4 Material Properties
1) Strength
- Measure of the material property to resist deformation
and to maintain its shape
- It is quantified in terms of yield stress or ultimate tensile
strength.
- High carbon steels and metal alloys have higher strength
than pure metals.
- Ceramic also exhibit high strength characteristics.
5.4 Material Properties
2) Hardness
- Measure of the material property to resist indentation,
abrasion and wear.
- It is quantified by hardness scale such as Rockwell and
Brinell hardness scale.
- Hardness and Strength correlate well because both
properties are related to in-molecular bonding.
5.4 Material Properties
3) Ductility
- Measure of the material property to deform before failure.
- It is quantified by reading the value of strain at the
fracture point on the stress strain curve.
- Example of ductile material :
low carbon steel
aluminum
bubble gum
5.4 Material Properties
4) Brittleness
- Measure of the materials inability to deform before failure.
- The opposite of ductility.
- Example of ductile material : glass, high carbon steel,
ceramics
Brittle
Ductile
Strain
5.4 Material Properties
5) Toughness
- Measure of the material ability to absorb energy.
- It is measured by two methods.
a) Integration of stress strain curve
- Slow absorption of energy
- Absorbed energy per unit volume
unit : (lb/in) *(in/in) =lbin/in
b) Charpy test
- Impact toughness can be measured.
5.4 Material Properties
- Charpy V-Notch Test
5.4 Material Properties
Charpy V-Notch Test (continued)
- The potential energy of the pendulum before and after
impact can be calculated form the initial and final location
of the pendulum.
- The potential energy difference is the energy it took to
break the material. absorbed during the impact.
- Charpy test is an impact toughness measurement test
because the energy is absorbed by the specimen very
rapidly.
- Purpose : to evaluate the impact toughness as a function of
temperature
5.4 Material Properties
Ductile
Behavior
Brittle Transition
Behavior Temperature
Temperature (F)
5.4 Material Properties
Charpy V-Notch Test (continued)
40 B
20
C
0
103 104 105 106 107
Number of cycles
- Endurance limit of each material :
- Case 1) stress level= 30x103 psi, max cycles=104 :
- Case 2) stress level= 30x103 psi, max cycles=106 :
- Case 3) stress level= 30x103 psi, max cycles=106 :
- Case 4) stress level= 50x103 psi, max cycles=106 :
5.4 Material Properties
Factors effecting Material Properties
Temperature :
Increasing temperature will decrease
- Modulus of Elasticity
- Yield Strength
- Tensile Strength
Decreasing temperature will:
- Increase ductility
- Reduce brittleness
Environment
- Sulfites, Chlorine, Oxygen in water, Radiation
5.5 Non-Destructive Testing (NDT)
- Method that can be used to find surface and near surface flaws
in ferromagnetic materials such as steel and iron.
- The technique uses the principle that magnetic fields (flux) will
be distorted by the presence of a flaw.
Radiographic Test (RT)
adhesive-joined joints.
Elliptical Crack
Hydrostatic Tests
System being tested is isolated and pressurized by
a pump.
System is inspected for leaks at welds, valve
bodies, valve seats, etc.
Automatic and manual pressure reliefs are used to
prevent overpressurizing system beyond desired
test pressure.
Hydrostatic Test Pump