Mathematics

PROBABILITY
 Definitions
Probability is the mathematics of chance.

It tells us the relative frequency with which we can

expect an event to occur

The greater the probability the more

likely the event will occur.

It can be written as a fraction, decimal, percent,

or ratio.
 Definitions
1 Certain
Probability is the numerical
measure of the likelihood that
the event will occur.

Value is between 0 and 1. .5 50/50

Sum of the probabilities of all events

is 1.

0 Impossible
 Definitions
A probability experiment is an action through which
specific results (counts, measurements, or responses)
are obtained.

The result of a single trial in a probability experiment

is an outcome.

The set of all possible outcomes of a probability

experiment is the sample space, denoted as S.
e.g. All 6 faces of a die: S = { 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 }
 Definitions

An event consists of one or more outcomes and is a

subset of the sample space.

Events are often represented by uppercase letters,

such as A, B, or C.

Notation: The probability that event E will occur is

written P(E) and is read
the probability of event E.
 Definitions
The Probability of an Event, E:

Number of Event Outcomes

P(E) =
Total Number of Possible Outcomes in S

Consider a pair of Dice

Each of the Outcomes in the Sample Space are random
and equally likely to occur.
2 1
e.g. P( ) =
36 18
(There are 2 ways to get one 6 and the other 4)
 Complimentary Events
The complement of event E is the set of all
outcomes in a sample space that are not included in
event E.
The complement of event E is denoted by E or E
0 P( E ) 1
Properties of Probability: P( E ) P( E ) 1
P( E ) 1 P( E )
P( E ) 1 P( E )
 SURE EVENT

For a Sure Event E , P(E) = 1

Example:
Tossing a dart For example, Imagine
throwing a dart at a square, and imagine
that this square is the only thing in the
universe. There is physically nowhere else
for the dart to land. Then, the event that
"the dart hits the square" is a
sure event. No other alternative is
imaginable
 IMPOSSIBLE EVENT

For a Impossible Event E

P(E) = 0
Example: Tossing a die For example,
Imagine Tossing a die. What is the
probability of getting a number greater
than 6?
On a die there are a total of six
outcomes {1,2,3,4,5,6} so we cant have a
number greater than 6.
Such a event is called an impossible
event.
GAME OF DICE
 GAME OF DICE
Sample Space - ( total
outcomes ) when a die is
thrown 1 2 3 6 5 4 Total
Possible outcomes = 6
GAME OF DICE
Sample Space - ( total
outcomes ) when two dice
is thrown :

Total 36 outcomes
 EXAMPLES

Example : If a person rolls a

dice, what is the probability of
getting a prime number?
Sample Space Favourable
Outcomes 2 P ( Getting a prime
number ) = 3/6 =1/2
GAME OF COINS
 GAME OF COINS

Total Outcomes - A Coin is tossed Head Tail

Total Outcomes = 2
Total Outcomes - two Coins are tossed,
HH;TT;HT;TH Total Outcomes = 4

Example : What is the probability of getting a

head when a coin is tossed?
Total favourable outcomes = 1 Head Tail
P(getting a head) = 1/2
 GAME OF COINS

Example : Two coins are tossed

simultaneously . What is the probability of
getting at most one head?
Total Favourable Outcomes = {TT, HT, TH}
P ( Getting at most one head ) = 3/4
 GAME OF CARDS
CARDS Total Outcomes : 52.
26 Red Cards 26 Black Cards.
In which 13 spades ,13 clovers, 13 diamonds ,
13hearts are there.
 GAME OF CARDS
Example 1.
Find the probability of drawing a diamond from a
deck of cards.
Solution.
There are a total of 13 diamonds in the deck (A, 2,
3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, J, Q, K) and a total of 52
cards in the deck.
That leaves us with a probability of: 13/52 = ,
makes sense, since there are a total of 4 suits in
the deck of cards .
P(drawing a diamond from a deck of cards) = 1/4
THANK
YOU