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INTRODUCTION TO SEDIMENTARY
FACIES, ELEMENTS, HIERARCHY
& ARCHITECTURE
A KEY TO DETERMINING
DEPOSITIONAL SETTING
Professor Chris Kendall
Byrnes 408
kendall@sc.edu
777.2410
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Lecture Overview
Lecture: 12:30-01:45 T/Th EWS 209
October 9 Facies, Facies Models & Modern Stratigraphic Concepts Chap 1
October 11 Fall Break No Class
October 16 Control of Sea Level Change Chap 2
October 18 Subsurface Facies Analysis Chap 3
October 23 Trace Fossil Facies Models Chap 4
October 25 Deltaic Facies Chap 9
October 30 Barrier Island & Estuarine Systems Chap 10
November 1 Tidal Depositional Systems Chap 11
November 6 Wave- & Storm-dominated Shallow Marine Chap 12
November 8 Turbidites & Submarine Fans Chap 13
November 13 Introduction To Carbonate & Evaporite Facies Chap 14
November 15 Shallow Platform Carbonates Chap 15
November 20 Peritidal Carbonate Systems Chap 16
November 23 Thanksgiving No Class
November 27 Reefs & Mounds Systems Chap 17
November 29 Carbonate Slopes Chap 18
December 4 Evaporites Chap 19
December 6 Alluvial & Eolian Systems Chap 7&8
Field Trips Peachtree Rock
By fluid flow
Traction: grain rolling/sliding along substrate
Saltation: grain hopping along substrate
Suspension: permanent grain entrainment
By gravity flow
Grain flow: cohesionless sediment movement
Debris flow: viscous sediment movement
Liquefied flow: over-pressured interstitial fluid movement
Density flow: slurry movement driven by differential density
gravel
&
conglomerate
sand
&
sandstone
clay, silt
&
mudstone
gravel
gravity flows
&
fluid flows
conglomerate
sand
fluid flows
&
gravity flows
sandstone
suspension &
flocculation clay, silt
gravity flows &
mudstone
Bedforms
Unidirectional
Current Ripples
-
increasing Flow
Velocities
http://research.eas.ualberta.ca/ichnology/
Trypanites - Rocky Coast Substrate
Teredolites Peat or Xylic Substrate Controlled
Glossifungites - Semi Consolidated
Substrate
Psilonichnus Sandy Backshore
Skolithos - Sandy Shore
Softground
Cruziana Sublittoral Zone
Zoophycos Bathyal Zone
Nereites Abyssal Zone
Sedimentary rock:
Sedimentology:
Strata:
Stratigraphy:
Basin:
sediment
stratum or bed
strata
succession
or
stratigraphy
or
strata
basins
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Sedimentary Geology
Succession of strata
deposited in several
basins
Swash Zone
Foreshore
Facies
Photo: G. Voulgaris
Foreshore Offshore
Shoreface Transition
Lithofacies FORESHRE
Associations OPEN
SHOREFACE
-
Coarse MIDDLE
SHOREFACE
to LOWER
SHOREFACE
Fine
- TRANSITION
Onshore ZONE
to
Offshore
- SHELF
MUDS
Shallow
to
Reineck & Singh, 1980
Deep
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Coastal Lithofacies Assemblages
Genetically related
stacked vertical facies PROGRADING
Facies
Architectural elements
Depositional settings
Systems
Systems tracts
Scheme used to
characterize each
depositional system in
lecture series
Shelf SHELF
margin COMPLEX
ONLAPPING MARGIN
PROGRADING MARGIN
complex
PROGRADING MARGIN
MARGIN
HST margin COMPLEX
complex
STACKED BED,
Stacked BED LITHOLOGY,
Cycles of CYCLES SEDIMENTARY ALLOCHEMS
Beds STRUCTURES CEMENTATION
Component
Beds
FAUNA & DIAGENESIS
Grains
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Types of Depositional Systems
terrestrial land
Deltas
Estuaries
Open
Shelf Restricted
Shelf
Restricted
Shelf
Fluvial-alluvial fan
Glacial
Eolian
Lacustrine
Playa
What is a million?
How tall (in feet) would a stack of 1,000,000 $1 bills be?
What is a billion?
How tall (in feet) would a stack of 1,000,000,000 $1 bills be?
What is a billion?
1,000,000,000 $1 bills = a stack 62.5 miles tall
Crust
O: 0-12 km
cont: 35-50 km
Upper Mantle
12-670 km
Lower Mantle
670-2900 km
Outer Core
2900-5155 km
Inner Core
5155-6371 km
GEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Earth Structure
Lithosphere
0-100 km
Asthenosphere
100-670 km
Mesosphere
670-2900 km
Outer Core
2900-5155 km
Inner Core
5155-6371 kmGEOL 553 - Introduction to Facies Models - Kendall
Earth Structure: Composition
C=
40,075 km
6371 km
12,742 km