Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
1. Monitoring systems
2. Automatic control devices
3. Protective devices The interpretation of electrical and simple
electronic diagrams
Manage operation of electrical and
electronic control equipment
Closed-loop Control
Measured Variable
A factor affecting the outcome of a process that is measured as part
of a Six Sigma project or other process improvement initiative. Measured
variables may include process inputs such as raw materials, or the time
taken to complete a given step in a process, or other parameters of the
process to identify opportunities for defects or areas for improvement.
ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS IN PROCESS CONTROL
LOOPS
Set Point
Is the desired or target value for an essential variable, or process
value of a system. Departure of such a variable from its setpoint is one basis
for error-controlled regulation using negative feedback for automatic
control. The set point is usually abbreviated to SP, and the process value is
usually abbreviated to PV.
Deviation
The difference between the set point and the actual value of the
controlled variable (which is the measured variable).
ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS IN PROCESS CONTROL
LOOPS
Manipulated Variable
The variable that is adjusted to close the gap (deviation, difference,
or error) between the set point and the controlled variable.
Disturbance
Anything that affects the process and could cause deviation from the
set point.
Explain THE operation and use of sensors and
transmitters in shipboard systems and
resistance temperature devices
Sensor
A sensor is a device that detects and responds to some type of input
from the physical environment. The specific input could be light, heat,
motion, moisture, pressure, or any one of a great number of other
environmental phenomena.
Transmitter
A transmitter (or radio transmitter) is an electronic device which
produces radio waves with the help of an antenna. A transmitter generates a
radio frequency current applied to the antenna, which in turn radiates radio
waves. A transmitter generates radio waves for communication, radar and
navigational purposes.
Explain THE operation and use of sensors and
transmitters in shipboard systems and
resistance temperature devices
Here, the unknown mass is the sensed quantity, and the known
masses are the adjustable quantity. A human lab technician applies
as many masses to the left-hand side of the scale as needed to
achieve balance, then counts up the sum total of those masses to
determine the quantity of the unknown mass.
Oil/water interface and oil in water
monitoring
The valves input is the "control signal." This can come from a
variety of measuring devices, and each different pressure is a different set
point for a valve. A typical standard signal is 20100 kPa. For example, a
valve could be controlling the pressure in a vessel which has a constant
out-flow, and a varied in-flow (varied by the actuator and valve). A
pressure transmitter will monitor the pressure in the vessel and transmit a
signal from 20100 kPa. 20 kPa means there is no pressure, 100 kPa means
there is full range pressure (can be varied by the transmitters calibration
points). As the pressure rises in the vessel, the output of the transmitter
rises, this increase in pressure is sent to the valve, which causes the valve
to stroke downward, and start closing the valve, decreasing flow into the
vessel, reducing the pressure in the vessel as excess pressure is evacuated
through the out flow. This is called a direct acting process.
ANALOGUE 4 TO 20mA Signals
Disturbance
The effect of disturbance is changing the purpose or reduce the
efficiency of the output, Using closed loop transfer function reduce this
effect to minimize the disturbance as possible. The disturbance reduction
using PID controller participates to eliminate the disturbance effect.
Disturbances affect the closed-loop control systems and this is
what became clear out by using a transfer function, any system that
contains disturbances may be calculated or uncalculated but must
disturbances account for processing system. Reduce disturbances values
lead to the stability of the system and whenever a disturbances value
close to zero this leads stability of system be high.
Disturbance and time delays and means to
reduce them
Time Delays
One way to control time delay is with a regulator. Regulators
control pressure, and pressure in an analytical system is closely
related to time. In the case of gas systems with a controlled flow
rate, the lower the pressure, the shorter the time delay. Delay may
occur in any of the major parts of an analytical instrumentation (AI)
system, including the process line, tap and probe, field station,
transport line, sample conditioning system, stream switching
system, and analyzer.
Two step, proportional, integral, and
derivative control actions
Proportional Action
Cascade Control
Cascade Control
Single, two and three element control
Hydraulic Governors
Power Sharing
A. The run up of the turbine from rest t rated speed and synchronizing
with the grid.
B. Meeting the system load variations in a predetermined manner, when
running in parallel with other machines.
C. Protecting the machine by reducing the load or shutting off completely
in abnormal and emergency situations. The governing system also
includes other devices to protect the turbine from abnormal conditions
that may arise during operation.
D. To assist in matching the power generated to that demanded by
responding to the network frequency changes.