Exergy 1 Advanced Thermo-fluids

Exergy

What? Exergy? Can I

eat it? What? No?

Contents:
1. What is exergy?
2. Reversible work
3. Second law efficiency
*~#$! 4. Forms of exergy
5. Exergy change
6. Exergy transfer
7. Exergy balance
 What is Exergy? 2 Advanced Thermo-fluids
Exergy

Exergy:

=> Useful work potential of a system at specified state

=> Represent maximum useful work obtainable from a system

=> Also called availability or available energy

=> Exergy is a thermodynamic property

=> Value depends on:

the state of the system
the surroundings
 What is Exergy? 3 Advanced Thermo-fluids
Exergy

Considerations in exergy analysis:

Initial state is specified

Process path is reversible

Final state is at dead state, i.e.

temperature and pressure

equal to the surroundings
no kinetic and potential energy
chemically innert
 Reversible work 4 Advanced Thermo-fluids
Exergy

Process involving boundary work:

Expansion => part of work produced

is used to push atmospheric pressure

Compression => part of work applied

is helped by atmospheric pressure

Surroundings work Wsurr => work done by or

against surroundings during a process

Wsurr P0 (V2 V1 )

Useful work Wu => difference between

actual work and surrounding work
Wu W Wsurr
 Reversible work 5 Advanced Thermo-fluids
Exergy

Reversible work Wrev: => max useful work obtainable from a

reversible process between specified initial and final states

If final state = dead state,

=> reversible work equals exergy

Irreversibility => difference between

reversible work and useful work

I Wrev,out Wu ,out For work producing

process e.g.
expansion, turbine

I Wu ,in Wrev,in For work consuming process

e.g. compression,
compressor
 Second Law Efficiency 6 Advanced Thermo-fluids
Exergy

1st. Law efficiency:

=> a measure of performance of a device
=> doesnt relate to its best possible performance
Desired output
1st. Law efficiency
Required input
Wnet ,out QL QH
th COPR COPHP
QH Win Win
 Second Law Efficiency 7 Advanced Thermo-fluids
Exergy

2nd. Law efficiency => a measure of performance of a

device relative to its best possible performance

Best possible performance => reversible condition

Wu
W for work - producing device
th rev
II
th,rev Wrev for work - consuming device

Wu

COP
COPII 2nd. Law efficiency of all
COPrev reversible devices is 100%
 Forms of Exergy 8 Advanced Thermo-fluids
Exergy

Forms of energy of a system:

Energy of Kinetic Potential Internal

= + +
a system Energy Energy Energy

1 2 1 2
Q W m(h V gz )in m(h V gz ) out (U KE PE ) system
2 2

Each form of energy has a potential to produce work

Each form of energy has work potential (i.e. exergy)
Not all energy can be converted to work
Mechanical form of energy can
be converted all to exergy
Exergy of a system is the sum of all exergies
from each form of energy in the system
 Forms of Exergy 9 Advanced Thermo-fluids
Exergy

2
Exergy of kinetic energy: V
xke ke
2

Exergy of potential energy: x pe pe gz

Exergy of internal energy:

xu (u u0 ) P0 (v v0 ) T0 (s s0 )

Exergy of system: xsys xu xke x pe

2
V
1 xsys (u u0 ) P0 (v v0 ) T0 ( s s0 ) gz
2
 Forms of Exergy 10 Advanced Thermo-fluids
Exergy

Exergy of system: xsys xu xke x pe

2
V
xsys (u u0 ) P0 (v v0 ) T0 ( s s0 ) gz
2

Exergy change of system: xsys xu xke x pe

V1
2 2
V2
xsys (u2 u1 ) P0 (v2 v1 ) T0 ( s2 s1 ) g ( z2 z1 )
2
V2 V1
2 2

X sys (U 2 U1 ) P0 (V2 V1 ) T0 ( S 2 S1 ) m mg ( z2 z1 )
2
X sys ( E2 E1 ) P0 (V2 V1 ) T0 ( S 2 S1 )

=> exergy of closed system xsys

(no mass flow) per unit mass X sys mxsys m
 Exergy Transfer 11 Advanced Thermo-fluids
Exergy

Exergy can be transferred to or from a

system in three forms (like energy):
heat work mass flow

Exergy transfer equation is derived from

energy transfer components:
1 2 1 2
Q W m(h V gz )in m(h V gz ) out (U KE PE ) system
2 2
 Exergy Transfer 12 Advanced Thermo-fluids
Exergy

Exergy transfer T0
X heat 1 Q
by heat: T

Exergy transfer by heat is

zero for adiabatic systems

Adiabatic
Q=0
Exergy transfer by work:

W Wsurr for boundary w ork

X work
W for other forms of work

It is possible to get all work

potential (i.e. exergy) from work
 Exergy Transfer 13 Advanced Thermo-fluids
Exergy

Exergy transfer by mass flow :

=> derived from flow energy equation

2
V
Flow work w flow h gz
2
2
V
Flow exergy (h h0 ) T0 ( s s0 ) gz
2
2
V
m ( H H 0 ) T0 ( S S0 ) m mgz
2
V2 V1
2 2

(h2 h1 ) T0 ( s2 s1 ) g ( z2 z1 )
2
 Exergy Balance 14 Advanced Thermo-fluids
Exergy

Decrease of exergy principle:

Derived from 1st. and 2nd. Law of thermodynamics

States that exergy of isolated system during a

process always decrease. In the limiting case of
a reversible process, exergy remains the same.

X isolated ( X 2 X 1 )isolated 0
 Exergy Balance 15 Advanced Thermo-fluids
Exergy

Decrease of exergy in isolated

system is due to process
irreversibilities => exergy
destruction

Process irreversibilities also cause

entropy generation => increase of
entropy principle

Exergy destruction and entropy

generation are related

X destroyed T0 S generated 0
 Exergy Balance 16 Advanced Thermo-fluids
Exergy

Exergy change of a system

undergoing a process can be

0 Irreversible
+ve or -ve, BUT exergy X des 0 Reversible
destruction cannot be negative
0 Impossible

0
Irreversible
S gen 0 Reversible

0 Impossible

General exergy balance

equation:

X in X out X destroyed X system

Net exergy transfer Exergy destruction Change in exergy
by heat, work and mass
 Exergy Balance 17 Advanced Thermo-fluids
Exergy

Exergy balance for closed system:

X heat X work X destroyed X system

T0
1 T Q W P0 (V2 V1 ) X destroyed X system

Exergy balance for open system:

X heat X work X mass,in X mass,out X destroyed X system

T0
1 T Q W P0 (V2 V1 ) mi i me e X destroyed X system
 Summary 18 Advanced Thermo-fluids
Exergy

Exergy => Useful work potential of a system at specified state

Reversible work Wrev: => max useful work obtainable from

reversible process between specified initial and final states

2nd. Law efficiency => a measure of performance of a

device relative to its best possible performance
2
Exergy of a system V
xsys (u u0 ) P0 (v v0 ) T0 ( s s0 ) gz
2
Exergy balance:

T0
1 T Q W P0 (V2 V1 ) mi i me e X destroyed X system
Relation between exergy X destroyed T0 S generated 0
destroyed and entropy generated