Class 1 - Measures of Central Tendency After Orientation

Chapter 3, Part A
Descriptive Statistics: Numerical Measures

Measures of Central Tendency
Measures of Variability
2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied
Slide 1
or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Measures of Location
Mean
If the measures are computed
Median
for data from a sample,
Mode they are called sample statistics.
Percentiles
Quartiles If the measures are computed
for data from a population,
they are called population parameters.
A sample statistic is referred to

as the point estimator of the
corresponding population parameter.
Slide 2
Mean
The mean provides a measure of central location.

The mean of a data set is the average of all the data
values.
The sample mean x is the point estimator of the
population mean m.
Slide 3
Sample Mean x
Sum of the values

of the n observations
x i
x
n
Number of
observations
in the sample
Slide 4
Population Mean m
Sum of the values

of the N observations
x i
m
N
Number of
observations in
the population
Slide 5
Sample Mean
Example: Exam Score

Seventy students were randomly
sampled in a college. The scores of these students
in a course are listed below.
445 615 430 590 435 600 460 600 440 615
440 440 440 525 425 445 575 445 450 450
465 450 525 450 450 460 435 460 465 480
450 470 490 472 475 475 500 480 570 465
600 485 580 470 490 500 549 500 500 480
570 515 450 445 525 535 475 550 480 510
510 575 490 435 600 435 445 435 430 440
Slide 6
Sample Mean
Example:Score
x x

34, 356
i
490.80
n 70
445 615 430 590 435 600 460 600 440 615
440 440 440 525 425 445 575 445 450 450
465 450 525 450 450 460 435 460 465 480
450 470 490 472 475 475 500 480 570 465
600 485 580 470 490 500 549 500 500 480
570 515 450 445 525 535 475 550 480 510
510 575 490 435 600 435 445 435 430 440
Slide 7
Median
The median of a data set is the value in the middle

when the data items are arranged in ascending order.
Whenever a data set has extreme values, the median
is the preferred measure of central location.
Slide 8
Median
For an odd number of observations:
26 18 27 12 14 27 19 7 observations
12 14 18 19 26 27 27 in ascending order
the median is the middle value.
Median = 19
Slide 9
Median
For an even number of observations:
26 18 27 12 14 27 30 19 8 observations
12 14 18 19 26 27 27 30 in ascending order
the median is the average of the middle two values.
Median = (19 + 26)/2 = 22.5
Slide 10
Median
Example: Scores
Averaging the 35th and 36th data values:
Median = (475 + 475)/2 = 475
425 430 430 435 435 435 435 435 440 440
440 440 440 445 445 445 445 445 450 450
450 450 450 450 450 460 460 460 465 465
465 470 470 472 475 475 475 480 480 480
480 485 490 490 490 500 500 500 500 510
510 515 525 525 525 535 549 550 570 570
575 575 580 590 600 600 600 600 615 615
Note: Data is in ascending order.
Slide 11
Mode
The mode of a data set is the value that occurs with

greatest frequency.
The greatest frequency can occur at two or more
different values.
If the data have exactly two modes, the data are
bimodal.
If the data have more than two modes, the data are
multimodal.
Slide 12
Mode
Example: Scores
450 occurred most frequently (7 times)
Mode = 450
425 430 430 435 435 435 435 435 440 440
440 440 440 445 445 445 445 445 450 450
450 450 450 450 450 460 460 460 465 465
465 470 470 472 475 475 475 480 480 480
480 485 490 490 490 500 500 500 500 510
510 515 525 525 525 535 549 550 570 570
575 575 580 590 600 600 600 600 615 615
Slide 13
Positional Measure
Note affected by extreme values as they are at

particular position of data
Quartiles, Deciles and Percentiles
Slide 14
Percentiles
Percentile - measures of central tendency that divide a

group of data into 100 parts
At least n% of the data lie at or below the nth percentile,
and at most (100 - n)% of the data lie above the nth
percentile
Example: 90th percentile indicates that at 90% of the data
are equal to or less than it, and 10% of the data lie above it
Slide 15
Percentiles
Arrange the data with n observations in ascending
order.
Compute index i, the position of the pth percentile.

i = (p/100)n
If i is not an integer, round up to the greatest positive

integer. The pth percentile is the value in the
ith position.
If i is an integer, the pth percentile is the average
of the values in positions i and i+1.
Slide 16
80th Percentile
Example: Scores
i = (p/100)n = (80/100)70 = 56
Averaging the 56th and 57th data values:
80th Percentile = (535 + 549)/2 = 542
425 430 430 435 435 435 435 435 440 440
440 440 440 445 445 445 445 445 450 450
450 450 450 450 450 460 460 460 465 465
465 470 470 472 475 475 475 480 480 480
480 485 490 490 490 500 500 500 500 510
510 515 525 525 525 535 549 550 570 570
575 575 580 590 600 600 600 600 615 615

Slide 17
80th Percentile
Example: scores
At least 80% of the At least 20% of the
items take on a items take on a
value of 542 or less. value of 542 or more.
56/70 = .8 or 80% 14/70 = .2 or 20%
425 430 430 435 435 435 435 435 440 440
440 440 440 445 445 445 445 445 450 450
450 450 450 450 450 460 460 460 465 465
465 470 470 472 475 475 475 480 480 480
480 485 490 490 490 500 500 500 500 510
510 515 525 525 525 535 549 550 570 570
575 575 580 590 600 600 600 600 615 615
Slide 18
Quartiles
Quartile - measures of central tendency that divide a

group of data into four subgroups
Q1: 25% of the data set is below the first quartile
Q2: 50% of the data set is below the second quartile
Q3: 75% of the data set is below the third quartile
Q1 Q2 Q3
25% 25% 25% 25%
Slide 19
Quartiles
Quartiles are specific percentiles.

First Quartile = 25th Percentile
Second Quartile = 50th Percentile = Median
Third Quartile = 75th Percentile
Slide 20
Third Quartile
Example: scores
Third quartile = 75th percentile
i = (p/100)n = (75/100)70 = 52.5 = 53
Third quartile = 525
425 430 430 435 435 435 435 435 440 440
440 440 440 445 445 445 445 445 450 450
450 450 450 450 450 460 460 460 465 465
465 470 470 472 475 475 475 480 480 480
480 485 490 490 490 500 500 500 500 510
510 515 525 525 525 535 549 550 570 570
575 575 580 590 600 600 600 600 615 615
Slide 21
Consider an ordered population of 11 data
values
{3, 6, 7, 8, 8, 9, 10, 13, 15, 16, 20}. What are the
25th, 50th, 75th and 100th percentiles of this
list?
Slide 22
Slide 23
Grouped Data
During 3 hours at airport 55 aircraft arrived

late. The number of minutes they were late is
shown in the grouped frequency table below.
minutes late frequency
0 - 10 27
10 - 20 10
20 - 30 7
30 - 40 5
40 - 50 4
50 - 60 2
Slide 24
minutes Late Frequency,f midpoint(x) fx
0 - 10 27 5 135
10 - 20 10 15 150
20 - 30 7 25 175
30 - 40 5 35 175
40 - 50 4 45 180
50 - 60 2 55 110
f 55 f x 925
Mean estimate = 925/55 = 16.8 minutes
Slide 25
Slide 26
Slide 27
The following data shows distance covered by 100
persons to perform their routine jobs.
Distance(Km) 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40
No. of persons 10 20 40 30
Find the mean distance covered by the persons
Slide 28
Distance Number of
Mid Points
Covered in Persons u=(x15)/10 fu
x
(Km) f
010 10 5 1 10
1020 20 15 0 0
2030 40 25 +1 40
3040 30 35 +2 60
Total f=100 fu=90
Now we will find the Arithmetic Mean as

MEAN=A+(fu/f)h
Where
A=15, fu=90, f=100 and h=10
Mean=15+(90/100)10=24 Km
Slide 29
Slide 30
Note:
For positional measures convert the inclusive

intervals into exclusive intervals
Slide 31
Slide 32
Median = 20.5 + [(25-22)/12]*10
=23
Thus 25 persons take less than 23 minutes to travel to

work and another 25 take more than 23 minutes
Slide 33
Slide 34
Slide 35
Slide 36
Slide 37
Slide 38
It is often desirable to consider measures of variability

(dispersion), as well as measures of location.
For example, in choosing supplier A or supplier B we
might consider not only the average delivery time for
each, but also the variability in delivery time for each.
Slide 39
Range
Interquartile Range
Variance
Standard Deviation
Coefficient of Variation
Slide 40
Range
The range of a data set is the difference between the

largest and smallest data values.
It is the simplest measure of variability.
It is very sensitive to the smallest and largest data
values.
Slide 41
Range
Example: scores
Range = largest value - smallest value
Range = 615 - 425 = 190
425 430 430 435 435 435 435 435 440 440
440 440 440 445 445 445 445 445 450 450
450 450 450 450 450 460 460 460 465 465
465 470 470 472 475 475 475 480 480 480
480 485 490 490 490 500 500 500 500 510
510 515 525 525 525 535 549 550 570 570
575 575 580 590 600 600 600 600 615 615
Slide 42
Interquartile Range
The interquartile range of a data set is the difference

between the third quartile and the first quartile.
It is the range for the middle 50% of the data.
It overcomes the sensitivity to extreme data values.
Slide 43
Interquartile Range
Example: scores
3rd Quartile (Q3) = 525
1st Quartile (Q1) = 445
Interquartile Range = Q3 - Q1 = 525 - 445 = 80
425 430 430 435 435 435 435 435 440 440
440 440 440 445 445 445 445 445 450 450
450 450 450 450 450 460 460 460 465 465
465 470 470 472 475 475 475 480 480 480
480 485 490 490 490 500 500 500 500 510
510 515 525 525 525 535 549 550 570 570
575 575 580 590 600 600 600 600 615 615
Slide 44
Variance
The variance is a measure of variability that utilizes

all the data.
It is based on the difference between the value of

each observation (xi) and the mean ( x for a sample,
m for a population).
The variance is useful in comparing the variability

of two or more variables.
Slide 45
Variance
The variance is the average of the squared

differences between each data value and the mean.
The variance is computed as follows:
2 ( xi x )
2
( xi m )
2
s
2
n 1 N
for a for a
sample population
Slide 46
Standard Deviation
The standard deviation of a data set is the positive

square root of the variance.
It is measured in the same units as the data, making

it more easily interpreted than the variance.
Slide 47
Standard Deviation
The standard deviation is computed as follows:
s s2 2
for a for a
sample population
Slide 48
The coefficient of variation indicates how large the

standard deviation is in relation to the mean.
The coefficient of variation is computed as follows:
s
100 % 100 %
x m
for a for a
sample population
Slide 49
Sample Variance, Standard Deviation,
And Coefficient of Variation
Example: scores
Variance i
( x x ) 2
s2 2, 996.16
n1
Standard Deviation the standard

deviation is
s s 2 2996.16 54.74
about 11%
of the mean
s 54.74
100 % 100 % 11.15%
x 490.80
Slide 50
End of Chapter 3, Part A
Slide 51

Class 1 - Measures of Central Tendency After Orientation

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Class 1 - Measures of Central Tendency After Orientation

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Chapter 3, Part A

Descriptive Statistics: Numerical Measures

A sample statistic is referred to

The mean provides a measure of central location.

Sum of the values

Sum of the values

Example: Exam Score

The median of a data set is the value in the middle

For an odd number of observations:

the median is the middle value.

For an even number of observations:

the median is the average of the middle two values.

Median = (19 + 26)/2 = 22.5

Note: Data is in ascending order.

The mode of a data set is the value that occurs with

Note: Data is in ascending order.

Note affected by extreme values as they are at

Quartiles, Deciles and Percentiles

Percentile - measures of central tendency that divide a

Compute index i, the position of the pth percentile.

If i is not an integer, round up to the greatest positive

Note: Data is in ascending order.

Quartile - measures of central tendency that divide a

25% 25% 25% 25%

Quartiles are specific percentiles.

During 3 hours at airport 55 aircraft arrived

Distance(Km) 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40

Find the mean distance covered by the persons

Now we will find the Arithmetic Mean as

For positional measures convert the inclusive

Thus 25 persons take less than 23 minutes to travel to

It is often desirable to consider measures of variability

The range of a data set is the difference between the

Note: Data is in ascending order.

The interquartile range of a data set is the difference

Note: Data is in ascending order.

The variance is a measure of variability that utilizes

It is based on the difference between the value of

The variance is useful in comparing the variability

The variance is the average of the squared

The variance is computed as follows:

The standard deviation of a data set is the positive

It is measured in the same units as the data, making

The standard deviation is computed as follows:

The coefficient of variation indicates how large the

The coefficient of variation is computed as follows:

Standard Deviation the standard

Вам также может понравиться