ECOSYSTEM APPROACH TO

AQUACULTURE

a strategy for the integration of the activity

within the wider ecosystem such that it
Promotes sustainable development, equity,
and resilience of interlinked social-
ecological systems.

Not What but How

 the Nineteenth Session of the FAO
Committee on Fisheries (March 1991)
recommended a new approach to fisheries
and aquaculture Management embracing
conservation and environmental, as well as
social and economic, considerations were
urgently needed. FAO was asked to
develop the consept of responsible fisheries
and elaborate a code of conduct to foster
its application.
Principle
Aquaculture development and
management should take account of the
full range of ecosystem functions and
services, and should not threaten the
sustained delivery of these to society.

Aquaculture should improve human well-

being and equity for all relevant
stakeholders
 Aquaculture should be developed in the
context of other sectors, policies and
goals.
AIMS
Maintain a healthy and
sustainable ecosystem
Provide profitable and
sustainable livelihoods
Production within safe
carrying capacity
The transition from a conventional approach
to an ecosystems (FAO 2005)
approach to aquaculture
Material & Method
Schematic outline of shrimp monoculture and
polyculture systems

Ocean Sampling point:

(North A. Water inflow
Java Sea) Street
(w 12 m) B. Polyculture system
C. Monoculture system
B B B polycultur
e
Fresh sea
: Gracillaria
Water
water input A input Chanel

Water Stock C C C

Waste water output

River

monocultur
e
Result

Mean water quality and growth performance over 100 days p

monoculture polyculture
26.5 0C 26.5 0C
DO = 3.03 mg/lb DO = 4.77 mg/la
Salinity = 38.18 ppt Salinity = 37.72 ppt
pH = 7.77 VS pH = 7.73
SR = 69.17%b SR = 86.32%a
Weight = 20.8 g/indb Weight = 24.9 g/inda

FCR = 1.88b FCR = 1.67a

Result

Ammonium-Nitrogen (NH4--N)

0.9 a a Monoculture
Concentration (mg/l)

0.8 a
0.7 a Polyculture
0.6 Inflow
0.5 a a
0.4 b b b
0.3 b b b
0.2
a a c c c c c c
0.1
c
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Time (days)
Result

Total Nitrogen (TN)

9
8 a
Concentration (mg/l)

7 a Polyculture
6 Monoculture
5
a Inflow
4
3 a a b
2 a
b
1 b
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Time (days)

Yudi N Ihsan 03.05.2013

Result

Total Phosphorus (TP)

3.5 Polyculture
a
3
Concentration (mg/l)

Monoculture
2.5 Inflow
a
2 a
1.5 a
1 a
a b
0.5 b
b
0
-0.5 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Time (days)

Yudi N Ihsan 03.05.2013

Result

TN-mass balance
Seaweed harvest
Shrimp harvest 3.5% (1.83 kg)
a
Shrimp feed 90% 30.8% (16.27 kg)
Others associated
(47.6 kg)a 44.4% (23.49 kg)
Pond Water

Polyculture system Outlet water

a

21.3%
a
(11.27 kg)

Shrimp harvest
24.2% (9.9 kg) b
Shrimp feed 87.2% Others associated
(35.73 kg)b 50.4% (20.67 kg)

Pond Water

Monoculture system Outlet water

25.4%
(10.4 kg)a

Yudi N Ihsan 03.05.2013

Result

TP-mass balance
Seaweed harvest
Shrimp harvest
2.4% (0.23 kg)
Shrimp feed 6.9% (0.67 kg)a
Others
91.74% (8.9 kg)a
associated
43.4% (4.23 kg)
Pond Water

Polyculture system Outlet water

47.3% (4.6 kg)a

Shrimp harvest
Shrimp feed 5.3% (0.40 kg)b
89.1% (6.7 kg)b Others
associated
Pond Water 42.8% (3.22 kg)

Outlet water
Monoculture system 51.9% (3.9 kg)a

Yudi N Ihsan 03.05.2013

Result

Result
Phase I Phase II
5 ind/100 l A. Gracillaria 0 g/l
5 ind/100 l SR = 100%
B. Gracillaria 3.50 g/l
10 ind/100 l
C. Gracillaria 6.50 g/l
15 ind/100 l
D. Gracillaria 9.50 g/l

Ammonium excretion
0.004 mg/g/h
Phase II
Table 3. Weight, Retention, and FCR

Treatment

A B C D

Total N-Feed (g) 16.44 18.09 16.9 18.41

Start

Weight shrimp (g) 266.41 265.95 269.74 266.81

N shrimp (%) 7.44 7.43 7.53 7.45

Weight Seaweed (g) 1562.6 3125.26 4688.29

N Seaweed (%) 8.06 16.13 24.19

Weight shrimp (g) 243.78a 350.2b 327.96c 314.71d

N shrimp (%) 1.78a 10.16b 9.13b 9.22b

Weight Seaweed (g) 3255.12a 5963.78b 6563.24b

N Seaweed (%) 22.68a 24.67a 36.65b

N-Retention

Shrimp (g) 0.59a 2.73b 1.6c 1.78c

Seaweed (g) 14.62a 8.54b 12.46c

N production of shrimp 15.85a 15.36a 15.3a 16.63a

N in water (g) 15.85a 0.74b 6.76c 4.18c

FCR 2.69a 1.99a 2.02a 2.24a

Daily Growth rate of

Seaweed (%) 2.62a 2.31a 1.20b

Values with the same superscript letter do not differ significantly (P>0.05)
 Weight Average of Shrimp
20.00 a

18.00 a
a
16.00
14.00 a
a Seaweed 0 g/l
Weight (g)

12.00 a
a
Seaweed 3.50 g/l
10.00 a

8.00 Seaweed 6.50 g/l

6.00 Seaweed 9.50 g/l
4.00
2.00
0.00
0 1 2 3 4 5

Time (Week)

Figure 2. Individual weight of shrimp during the experimental period,

values are mean of triplicate ponds (n=3)
Values with the same superscript letter do not differ significantly (P>0.05)
 Survival Rate
120.00
b b

100.00
b
b
Survival rate (%)

b Seaweed 0 g/l
80.00 b
a a
a Seaweed 3.50
60.00
a g/l
40.00 Seaweed 6.50
g/l
20.00

0.00
0 1 2 3 4 5
Time (Week)

Figure 3. Survival Rate of shrimp during the experimental period, values are mean
of triplicate ponds (n=3)
Values with the same superscript letter do not differ significantly (P>0.05)
 Total Nitrogen
3.5
3 a Seaweed 0 g/l
Concentration (mg/l)

2.5 a Seaweed 3.50

2 g/l
Seaweed 6.50
a b

1.5 a b
g/l
Seaweed 9.50
1
b
b
b g/l
0.5 b

0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Time (Week)

Figure 4. Concentration of total nitrogen (TN) during the experimental period, values are
mean of triplicate ponds (n=3)
Values with the same superscript letter do not differ significantly (P>0.05)
 Ammonium
1.2
1
Concentration (mg/l)

a c

0.8
b d
a
Seaweed 0 g/l
b b
Seaweed 3.50 g/l
0.6 b
c
c b
Seaweed 6.50 g/l
0.4 b b
Seaweed 9.50 g/l
0.2 a
a

0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Time (Week)

Figure 5. Concentration of ammonium-nitrogen (NH4--N) during the experimental period, values

are mean of triplicate ponds (n=3)
Values with the same superscript letter do not differ significantly (P>0.05)

Ammonium-nitrogen concentrations occurred in

different amounts in all treatments. The highest
concentration of ammonium occurred in treatment A
(without seaweed) at week 1, i.e. 0.94 mg/l (Figure 5).
 Nitrate
0.012

0.01
Concentration (mg/l)

b c
a
a
0.008 Seaweed 0 g/l
a a
b c Seaweed 3.50 g/l
0.006
b
Seaweed 6.50 g/l
0.004 c b Seaweed 9.50 g/l
0.002 a

0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Time (Week)
Figure 6. Concentration of Nitrate-nitrogen (NO3--N) during the experimental period,
values are mean of triplicate ponds (n=3)
Values with the same superscript letter do not differ significantly (P>0.05)

Nitrate showed a different pattern as well. The peak nitrate

concentration in all treatments was 0.009 mg/l. Treatment (A) occurred
at week 1, treatment (B) at week 2, treatment (C) at week 4, and
treatment (D) at week 3
(Figure 6).
 Nitrite
0.01 a
0.009
Concentration (mg/l)

0.008 a
a
0.007 a
Seaweed 0 g/l
0.006 a a a
Seaweed 3.50 g/l
0.005 a

0.004 a
a
Seaweed 6.50 g/l
0.003 a
a Seaweed 9.50 g/l
0.002
0.001
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Time (Week)

Figure 7. Concentration of Nitrite-nitrogen (NO2--N) during the experimental period,

values are mean of triplicate ponds (n=3)
Values with the same superscript letter do not differ significantly (P>0.05)

Nitrite showed the same pattern in all treatments. The peak concentration
of nitrite in all treatments occurred at week 2 and not significantly different
(P>0.05). Treatment (A) was 0.009 mg/l, treatment (B) 0.007 mg/l, treatment
(C) 0.008 mg/l, and treatment (D) 0.009 mg/l (Figure 7).
Result

N-retention
Daily growth rate
N from shrimp (g)N in water (g) N - seaweed (g)
of seaweed (%)

0 g/l seaweed 15.85 15.85 - -

3.50 g/l seaweed 15.36 0.74 14.62 2.62

6.50 g/l seaweed 15.30 6.76 8.54 2.31

9.50 g/l seaweed 16.63 4.18 12.46 1.20

 Conclusions

Polyculture using Gracillaria

cause maximize nutrient utilization.

Polyculture using Gracillaria

as much as 3.50 g/l
showed the highest ability
in adsorbing nutrient from shrimp waste.