Basic circuit of Op-Amp

KNJ2463
Mohd Syahmi Jamaludin
 Summary
Comparators
Op-amps can be used to compare the amplitude of one voltage with another.
Although general-purpose op-amps can be used as comparators, special op-
amps are available to optimize speed and add features.

+V

An example of a comparison circuit R1

is shown. The input is compared
with a reference set by the voltage- - Vout
divider. Notice that there is no Vin +
feedback; the op-amp is operated in R2
open-loop, so the output will be in
saturation.
 Summary

Sketch the output of the comparator in relationship to the input;

assume the maximum output is 13 V.
+10 V
The threshold is +4.2 V. The output is in +4.2 V
positive saturation when Vin > +4.2 V Vin 0V

V = +15 V
-10 V
R1 +13 V
10 kW
-
Vout 0V
Vin +
R2
3.9 kW
-13 V
 Summary
Show the output of the comparator for the last example if the
inputs to the op-amp are reversed.

+10 V
The threshold is still +4.2 V but now
the output is in negative saturation +4.2 V
Vin 0V
when Vin > +4.2 V.
V = +15 V
-10 V
R1 +13 V
10 kW
+
Vout
Vin - 0V
R2
3.9 kW
-13 V
 Summary
Summing amplifier

There are a number of useful applications for the basic inverting amplifier
configuration. One is the summing amplifier that uses two or more inputs and
one output.

R1 Rf
The virtual ground isolates VIN1
the inputs from each other. VIN2 R2
Input current from each -
R3 VOUT
input is passed to Rf, which VIN3
+
develops an output voltage
that is proportional to the Rn
VINn
algebraic sum of the inputs.
Virtual ground
 An inverting summing amplifier

R1
Vo -(V1 V2 )
R2

- If R1 = R2, then Vo -(V1 V2 )

6
 A operational amplifier subtractor

R1
Vo (V1 - V2 )
R2

- If R1 = R2, then Vo (V1 - V2 )

7
 Summary
Averaging amplifier

An averaging amplifier is a variation of the summing amplifier in which all input

resistors are equal. The feedback resistor is the reciprocal of the number of
inputs times the input resistor value.

For example, if there R1 Rf

VIN1
are three input 10 kW 3.3 kW
resistors, each with a R2
VIN2 -
value of 10 kW, then 10 kW VOUT
Rf = 3.3 kW to form an +
R3
VIN3
averaging amplifier. 10 kW
 Summary
Scaling adder

A scaling adder is another variation of the summing amplifier in which the

input resistors are adjusted to weight inputs differently. The input weight is
proportional to the current from that input.

Larger resistors will allow

less current for a given R1 Rf
VIN1
input voltage, so they have 10 kW 10 kW
less weight than smaller R2
VIN2 -
resistors. In the case 5.0 kW VOUT
shown, VIN3 is weighted 2 +
R3
VIN3
times more than VIN2,
2.5 kW
which is 2 times more than
VIN1.
 Summary
Scaling adder

What is VOUT for the scaling adder if all inputs are +

1.0 V?

By Ohms law, the currents into Rf are

I1 = 0.1 mA, I2 = 0.2 mA and I3 = 0.4 mA.
R1 Rf
Using the superposition VIN1
theorem, the current in 10 kW 10 kW
R2
Rf is 0.7 mA. From VIN2 -
Ohms law, VOUT = 7 V 5.0 kW VOUT
+
R3
VIN3
2.5 kW
 Summary
Integrators

Mathematical integration is basically a summing process. Within

certain limitations, an integrator circuit simulates this process.

The ideal integrator is

In practical circuits, a large
essentially a summing value resistor is usually in
Rf
amplifier with a parallel with the capacitor
capacitor in place of C to prevent the output from
the feedback resistor. drifting into saturation.
Vin R
- Vout
+
 Summary
Integrators

For the ideal integrator, the rate of change of the output is given by
Vout V
- in
t Ri C
The minus sign in the equation is due to the inverting amplifier.
If the input is a square wave centered about 0 V, the output is a
negative triangular wave (provided saturation is not reached).
C
Vin 0V
R
Vin
- Vout 0V
+ Vout
 Summary
A 5 kHz square wave with 10 Vpp is applied to a practical
integrator. Show the output waveform voltages.

During the positive input ( the period), the change

in the output is
V 5V
Vout - in t - 100 s = 5.6 V
Ri C 2.7 kW 33 nF
Rf

270 kW
The feedback resistor (Rf) is large
C compared to R, so has little
effect on the shape of the
R 33 nF
Vin waveform. In a practical circuit,
-
2.7 kW Vout it will cause the output
+ waveform to center on zero as
shown on the following slide.
 Summary
continued

The results of a computer

simulation on Multisim confirm
the calculated change (5.6 V) in
output voltage (blue line).
Rf

270 kW
C

R 33 nF
Vin
-
2.7 kW Vout
+
 Summary
Differentiators

In mathematics, differentiation is the process of finding the rate of

change. An idea differentiator circuit is shown. It produces an inverted
output that is proportional to the rate of change of the input.

In practical circuits, a small value

resistor is added in series with the
input to prevent high frequency Rf
ringing.
Rin Vin C
Vin - Vout
+
 Summary
Differentiators

The output voltage for the ideal differentiator is given by

V
Vout - C Rf C
t
The minus sign in the equation is due to the inverting amplifier.
If the input is a ramp, the output is a negative dc level for the
positive slope and a positive dc level for the negative slope.
Rf
Vin
Vin C
- Vout

Vout +
 Summary
A 1.0 kHz, 10 Vpp triangular wave is applied to a practical
differentiator as shown. Show the output in relationship to the
input.
When the input has a positive slope, the output is
V 10 V
Vout - C f
R C - 2.7 kW 100 nF -5.4 V
t 0.5 ms
By symmetry, when the input has a negative slope, the
output will be +5.4 V. Rf

2.7 kW
Rin C
Vin
- Vout
+5.0 V 120 W 100 nF
Vin 0V +
-5.0 V
0 1 ms 2 ms
See next slide for waveforms
 Summary
continued

The results of a computer

simulation on Multisim confirm
the calculated output voltages
(5.4 V). The output voltage is
the blue line.