SAL COLLEGE OF

ENGINEERING
SUBJECT.: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY AND UNIT
OPERATIONS (2130501)
TOPIC .:DYES &PIGMENTS
ALA PRESENTATION
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

TUSHAR PATEL(131130105059)
Guided BY: DHAVALVAGAHASIYA (131130105060)
Dr. Monika Swami TRILOKDAN VARASDA(131130105061)
colour

Definitions :
the property possessed by an object of
producing different sensation on the eyes as a
result of the way it reflects or emits light .
One or any mixture, of the constituents into
which light can be separated in a spectrum or
rainbow.
 Electromagnetic radiation

Light is a form of energy that travels through

space like a wave and is characterized by its
wavelength.
 Electromagnetic radiation

Only certain wavelengths of

light can be detected by the
human eye.
 White Light

White light is actually composed of all colors

in equal amounts.
Dyes

Definitions :
A dye is a coloured compound, normally used
in solution, which is capable of being fixed to
a fabric.
Oxford English Dictionary (11th edition):
A natural or synthetic substance used to colour
something.
Classification of dyes
Dyes

By application

Direct dyes
Nitro & Nitroso dyes Vat dyes
Azo dyes Mordant dyes
Triarylmethane dyes Azoic dyes
Anthraquinone dyes
Disperse dyes
Indigo dyes
By structure
1. Nitro & nitroso : The
NO2 & NO groups are
chromophores in this
class of dyes.
Example is..
Naphthol yellow s
2. Azo dyes : the azo dyes contain one or more azo groups,
-N=N- , as the primary chromophore. Azo dyes form the
largest &most important group of synthetic dyes.they are
highly coloured & can prepared by diazotising an aromatic
amine and subsequent coupling with a suitable aromatic
phenol or amine. Examples are, (a) Para red: it was the first
azo dye to be prepared.
Para red is obtained by the
reaction of diazotised
p-nitroaniline with -
napthol onfabric itself.
(b)Methyle orange: it is obtained from sulphanilic acid by the
folowing steps:

Mithyl orange imparts orange colour to wool and silk but

the colour is not fast to sunlight or washing . it is valuable
indicator for acid- base titration s because it gives yellow
colour in basic solution & red colour in acid solution.the
change in colour due to the change in the structure of the
ion.
(C) Congo red: it contains two azo groups. It is obtained by
coupling tetrazotised benzidine (1) with two molecules of naphthionic
acid (2).
It is a direct dye and its
sodium salt is used for
dyeing cotton red from
aqueous solutions.
It is also used as an
indicator , being red in
alkali and blue in acid
solution.
(d)Bismarck brown :it is brown dye used in boot polishes
and for dyeing wool & cotton.
(3) Triarylmethane dyes: in this dyes, a central carbon is
bounded to three aromatic rings, one of which is in the quinoid
form.The auxochromes are -NH2,-NR2 & -OH. Ex.s are,
(a) Malachite green: it has
deep green colour. It is
used as a direct dye for
wool and silk.
(b) Phenolphthalein: It is also known as an acid-base
indicator.
(c)Fluorescein: it is red powder insoluble in water. It dissolves
in dilute alkali and the solution gives beautiful yellow-green
flourescence. The sodium salt of it is known as URAINE which
is used for dyeng wool or silk yellow.
(4) Anthraquinone dyes: the para quinoid chromophore is
present in these type dyes. Alizarin is a typical anthraquinone
dye.
Alizarin forms ruby red
crystals which dissolve
in alkali to give purple
solutions. It is used to
dye wool and cotton.
(5)Indigo dyes: it is an example of the type of dyes which
contain carbonyl chromophore.

It is a dark blue
crystalline compound,
insoluble in water. It is
used for dyeing cotton
by the vat process.
BY application

(1)Direct dyes: these can be

applied to a fabric by
immersion in a water solution
of the dye.
A direct dye contains acidic or
basic auxochrome which
combines with the opp. Polar
group present in the chemical
structure of fibre.

Fibre NH + HO- dye Fibre- NH.O-dye

(2)Vat dyes

This dyes are insoluble

in water. Indigo is a
good example of a vat
dyes.
(3)Mordant dyes

This class of dyeshave

no natural affinity
affinity for the fabric
and are applied to it
with the help of salts
e.g., oxides of
alluminium or
chromium. This salts
are called mordants. It
is most suitaible for
wool and nylon.
(4)Azoic dyes
In this method , the water soluble azo dye is
produced in the fabric itself.
The azoic dyeing is particularly suitable for
cotton and other cellulosic fibres but may also be
used for nylon.
(5)Disperse dyes

Disperse dyes : these dyes

are insoluble in water but
can be dispersed in a
colloidal form in water. The
fabric is immersed in the
colloidal dispersion of the
dye.
Disperse dyes are used with
morden synthetic fabrics
such as nylon,
orlon,polyester & cellulose
acetate.
Pigments

Definition:
A substance used for colouring or painting , especially a
dry powder which constitutes a paint or ink when mixed
with oil or water.
Uses:
These are used for colouring paint ink plastic fabric ,
cosmatic food &other materials.
 dyes and pigments
Soluble transition
metal compounds
that are coloured
can be used as...
DYES

Insoluble transition
metal compounds
that are coloured
can be used as...
PIMENTS
GCSE Chemistry Extension Module C3.4 12/19/2017 24
 Pigments and Dyes

A dye is a colorant that

goes into solution or
dissolves. Dye particles
break apart into single
molecules
Pigment particles remain
clustered together in
suspension
Dyes have a chemical
Pigment Dye affinity for fiber but
pigments do not
particles molecules
Pigments and Dyes
Dyes migrate out of the
solution, are absorbed into
the fiber, and diffuse from
the surface of the fiber
toward its center. There
they either:
Bond chemically with fiber
molecules
OR
React chemically with fiber
molecules to produce
permanent, enlarged colored
fiber molecules
Both situations are
permanent
Pigment molecules
carry their own color
They do not unite with
fiber molecules
chemically and must be
fixed to the fibers with
bonding agents
In man made fibers
pigments can be mixed
into the fiber solution
before it is formed