WASTE MINIMIZATION &

MANAGEMENT
WASTE MINIMIZATION
Reasons of waste minimization:

1. Energy requirement
- rises exponentially with increasing waste
2. Reduce total cost
- for collection, segregation, intermediate
storage, transport, treatment and final
storage
3. Profitability
- waste = inefficiency
- reduce waste = efficiency & profitability
CLEAN TECHNOLOGY
Generation of less waste
Consumption of fewer raw materials
Less energy

1. Cannot be zero waste from any

manufacturing process
2. Once created, waste cannot be destroyed
- waste can be minimized in terms of both
quantity and toxicity.
HIERARCHY OF WASTE MANAGEMENT
1) Waste reduction Principally, reduction of
waste at source should be achieved by developing
clean technologies and processes that require
less material in the end products and produce
less waste in their manufacture.

2) Re-use ex: re-use of glass bottles, involve

collection, cleaning, and re-use of the same
glass bottles. May be undesirable for some
cases since involve cost of re-use outweigh its
benefits.
3) Recycling & Composting

- Ex: glass & aluminum cans - Decomposition of organic/biodegradable

-Should have market for recycled materials
-materials - For soil conditioners, growing materials
for plants
4) Energy recovery- from waste incineration or
combustion of landfill gas.

5) Landfill
WASTE REDUCTION TECHNIQUES
4 major categories:

1. Inventory management
2. Production process modification
3. Volume reduction
4. Recovery
i)Inventory management

Inventory management is divided into two:

inventory control

materials control
Inventory Control
involves techniques to reduce inventory size and
hazardous chemical use while increasing inventory
turnover.
proper inventory control help reduce wastes

method that can be used are purchasing in small

quantities, purchasing in appropriate container sizes
and just-in-time purchasing
Materials Control
proper control over the storage of raw materials,
products and process waste and the transfer of
these items within the process and around the
facility.
Minimize the losses through spills, leaks or
contamination
Ensure the material is efficiently handled and used
in the production process and does not become
waste
ii) Production process modification

3 techniques for production process

modification:
a) operation and maintenance procedures
b) material change
c) equipment modifications
a) operation and maintenance procedures

- corrective and preventive maintenance

can reduce waste generation caused by
equipment failure.

- can help spot potential sources of release

and correct a problem before any material
is lost.
b) material change

- the replacement of materials used in either a

product formulation or in a production process, can
either result in elimination of a hazardous waste or
facilitate recovery of a material.

- Example:
1. In pharmaceutical company replace solvent
based tablet coating process with a water
based process
c) equipment modifications

- installation of more efficient equipment or

modification of equipment can reduce the
generation of waste.

- installation of completely new equipment

may be involved.
iii) Volume reduction

a) Source segregation
- segregation of wastes allows them to be more
readily removed or recovered.

b) Concentration
- concentrate waste through separation processes
such as filtration, centrifugation, membrane
separations and evaporations
iv) Recovery
- on-site
- off-site

On-site Recovery
- reduce possible handling losses and allow the management
of the waste to remain within the compass of the producer.
- Recovered material can be reused as raw material
- Example: in printing industry, use vapor recovery system to
recover solvents

Off-site Recovery
- if on-site recovery is not feasible, for economic or other
reasons, off-site recovery should be considered.
- Waste may be transferred to other company for use as a raw
material in the other companys manufacturing process.
LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENT

Definition:an evaluation of the

environmental effects associated with any
given activity from the initial gathering of raw
material from the earth until the point at
which all residuals are returned to the earth.
LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENT
Definition:a systematic inventory and
comprehensive assessment of the environmental
effects of two or more alternative activities
involving defined product in a defined space and
time including all steps and co-products in its life
cycle.
STAGES IN LIFE CYCLE:
Raw material acquisition

Bulk material processing

Engineered and specialty

materials production

Manufacturing and
assembly

Use and service

Retirement

Disposal
 LIFE CYCLE OF CHOCOLATE

Cocoa Cultivation
Fertilizer production

Harvesting, Fermentation
Pesticides production
and Drying

Bagging and storage Jute bag cultivation and

Manufacturing

Transport of beans to
processing factory

Industrial cleaning, roasting,

breaking and winnowing,
and grinding of cocoa beans

Mixing of cocoa liquor,

Sugar production cocoa butter, milk, sugar Milk production
and other ingredients

Conching and Refining

Tempering and Moulding

Chocolate packaging Production of packaging

Distribution and Retail

Consumption phase

Expired food & packaging

disposal
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
(EIA)
Assessment is required for those projects which are likely to
have a significant effect on the environment, due to their nature,
size or location.

EIA - is a process that requires consideration of the

environmental and public participation in the decision-making
process of project development.

"the process of identifying, predicting, evaluating and mitigating

the biophysical, social, and other relevant effects of
development proposals prior to major decisions being taken
and commitments made-The International Association for
Impact Assessment (IAIA)
 to ensure that decision makers consider the ensuing
environmental impacts when deciding whether to proceed with a
project.

EIS environmental impact statement a review document

prepared for assessment in EIA process.

For large-scale waste treatment and disposal project, such

as a municipal waste incinerator or landfill site, the
environmental assessment would include criteria:
o Visual Impact
o Air Emissions
o Water Discharges
o Ash Discharges
o Human Health exposure to pollutant emission, ingestion via
food chain, water and inhalation. Estimation of hazard and
risk
o Fauna & Flora - loss of habitat..
o Site Operations analysis of risks , operational failure,
operation noise..
o Traffic
o Socio-economic Impacts existing industries, benefits to
employment & investment
o Land-use and Cultural Heritage
 STAGES IN EIA

to decide which projects should be subject

to environmental assessment.
Screening

is the process which defines the key issues that should be

Scoping include in the environmental assessment.

the scientific and objective analysis of the scale, significant

EIS and importance of impact identified.
preparation

by government agency or an independent review panel

advice the decision makers.
Review
INTEGRATED WASTE MANAGEMENT
(IWM)
IWM has been defined as the integration of waste
streams, collections and treatment methods,
environmental benefit, economic optimization, and
societal acceptability into a practical system for any
region.

Implies the use of a range of different treatment and

disposal options no one option is better than other,
but it is the best environmentally & economically
sustainable for a particular region.
 Environmental sustainability
means the options & integration of those
options should produce a waste
management system that reduces overall
environmental impacts , including energy
consumption, pollution of land, air and
water and loss of amenity.

Economic sustainability
means that the overall costs of waste
management systems should operate at a
cost level acceptable to all areas of the
community, including householders,
businesses, institutions, government.
Definition of IWM in terms of the integration of six
functional elements:
1) Waste generation
2) Waste handling and separation, storage and processing at
the source
3) Collection
4) Separation, processing and transformation of solid waste
5) Transfer and transport
6) Disposal
LEGAL FRAMEWORK
Related to legislations
Example: In Malaysia,
Environmental Quality (Industrial Effluent)
Regulations 2009
Environmental Quality (Clean Air) Regulations 1978
Environmental Quality (Control of pollution from
solid waste transfer and landfill) Regulations 2009
Environmental Quality (Refrigerant Management)
Regulations 1999
etc.

FOR OTHER REGULATIONS, visit www.doe.gov.my

 Example: treatment of waste (sludge) through
landfilling comply with Environmental Quality
(Control of pollution from solid waste transfer
and landfill) Regulations 2009.

Treatment of scheduled waste comply with

Environmental Quality (Scheduled waste
treatment and disposal facilities ) Regulations
1989
THANK YOU