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CHAPTER 8
Saturday 01/26/2013
Lecture AM
Divide into groups PM
Sunday 01/27/2013
Divide into groups to go over tools and Equipment
Chainsaws / Rotary Saws
Hand Tools
Inventory and Tool familiarization
Hydraulic Tools / Gas Powered Equipment
You Are The Fire fighter
Firefighters use tools and equipment to perform a Hand tools are used to extend or multiply the
wide range of activities. A fire fighter must know actions of your body and increase your effectiveness
how to use tools effectively, efficiently, and safely, in performing specific functions. Most hand tools
even when its dark or visibility is limited. operate using simple machanical principles. a pike
pole extends your reach, allows you to penetrate
through a ceiling, and enables you to apply force to
This chapter provides an overview of the pull down ceiling material. An axe multiplies the
general functions of the most commonly used cutting force you can exert on a given area. Power
tools and equipment and discusses how they tools and equipment use an external source of
are used during fire suppression and rescue power, such as an electric motor or an internal
operations. The same tools may be used in combustion engine, and are faster and more
different ways during each phase of fire efficient than hand tools.
suppreession or rescue operations.
Though tools differ in their function, power source, and size, general safety rules apply to the use of all
tools.
There are a variety of hazards associated with improper tool use and faulty tools. Some of these hazards
are unique to the tool while others are common for many types of tools.
Examples of hazards and associated injuries include the following:
Being struck by a tool, or moving part can cause bone fractures, concussions, and internal organ damage.
Rotating blades, drills, and other cutting tools can cut and puncture tissue.
Objects can fly off during many tool operations. Depending on an object's size, shape, speed, and
material, it can cause a variety of injuries to various body parts. Small flying objects are a particular
hazard to the eyes.
The power source of a tool may present a hazard on its own. For example, electricity can cause burns and
shocks. Electric shocks can paralyze the nerve centers, stop breathing, and stop the heart. Heat from the
electric current can burn the skin and damage internal organs. Other power sources like gasoline can
combust and start fires.
General safety rules apply to both stationary and portable power tools. The following safety rules apply to
many of the tools you are going to use:
Use safety glasses . hearing protection. respiratory protection, or special protective clothing when needed.
Noise produced by power tools can drown out other sounds... like a person shouting "STOP!" or "HELP!
Stay alert to your surroundings.
Clothing:
Never wear loose clothing or jewelry that can become entangled in power tools.
Personal Protective Equipment
Structure / Auto
Helmet
Hood
Eye Protection
Gloves
Turnout Coat
Turnout Pants
Boots
SCBA
PERSONAL ALERT SAFETY SYSTEM (PASS ALARM)
Wildland
Helmet
Gloves
Shroud
Nomex Pants
Nomex Jacket
Eye Protection
Wildland Boots
Two Way Radio
Fire Shelter
Safety Tips
Always use the right tool for the job!
Forcing a small tool to do a big job causes the tool to strain.
A strained tool can kickback or break, causing injury.
Never use a tool that you are unfamiliar with.
Get proper training.
Before each use, inspect your tools.
Check the alignment of moving parts, breakage of parts, and cracks.
When you're tired, you're attention span is reduced.
Pay attention to your work is very important when working with tools.
Make sure you're fit to do the job!
Disconnect the power source when performing maintenance, cleaning, or changing blades and bits.
Be wary of dropping tools.
Don't rest a tool on the edge of the workstation.
Secure tools when working at heights.
The material being worked- on should be well secured.
Make sure that you are well balanced when operating a tool.
Sometimes, a "kickback" from a tool can throw the operator off balance, causing injury.
Don't work in an awkward position. You may not have complete control of the tool or the material you
are working on.
Never lock a tool in the ON position if you are working under conditions that require you to stop the tool
quickly.
Guarding is one of the best ways to minimize a hazard. Make sure that machine guards are in place on
large and small equipment.
Use and Operation of Tools
The best way to learn how to use tools and equipment properly is under optimal conditions of visibility and
safety.
In the beginning, you should be able to see what you are doing and practice without endangering
yourself and others.
As proficiency increases, practice using tools and equipment under more realistic working conditions.
Eventually, you will be able to use tools and equipment safely and effectively even when darkness or
smoke decreases visibility.
Many departments require fire fighters to practice certain skills and evolutions in total darkness or with their
face masks covered to simulate the darkness of actual fires.
Use and Operation of Tools
Effective use of tools
Effective and efficient use of tools and equipment means using the least amount of energy to accomplish the task.
Being effective means you achieve the desired goal and that you produce the desired effect without wasting time or
energy.
When assigned a task on the fireground, your objective is to complete that task safely and quickly.
If you waste energy by working inefficiently, you will not be able to perform additional tasks.
However, if you know which tools and equipment are needed for each phase of firefighting, you will be able to
achieve the desired objective quickly and have the energy needed to complete the remaining tasks.
New fire fighters are often surprised by the strength and energy required to perform many tasks.
An aggressive, continuous program of physical fitness will enable you to maintain your body in the optimal
state of readiness.
As your training continues, you will learn which tools and equipment are used during different phases of fireground
operations.
For example, the tools needed for forcible entry are different from the tools usually needed for overhaul.
Knowing which tools are needed for the work that must be done will help you prepare for the different tasks
that unfold on the scene of a fire.
Most fire departments have standard operating procedures or guidelines that specify the tools and equipment
needed in various situations.
As a fire fighter, you must know where every tool and piece of equipment is carried on your apparatus.
Knowing how to use a piece of equipment does you no good if you cannot find it quickly.
Your company officer is responsible for telling you which tools to bring along for different situations.
Some fire fighters carry a selection of small tools and equipment in the pockets of their turnout coats or bunker
pants.
Check to see if your department requires you to carry certain tools and equipment at all times.
Ask senior fire fighters for recommendations about what tools and equipment you should carry.
Tools And Equipment
Hand Tools
Power Tools
Tool Function
An engine or truck company carries a number of tools and different types of equipment.
Often, the easiest way to learn and remember these tools is to group them by the function each performs.
Most of the tools used by fire departments fit into one of the following functional categories.
Rotating (assembly or disassembly)
Pushing or Pulling
Prying or Spreading
Striking
Cutting
Multiple Use
Tools That Rotate
BOX-END WRENCHES/OPEN-END
WRENCHES
PLIERS
HYDRANT WRENCH
SPANNER WRENCH
PIPE WRENCH
SCREWDRIVER
SOCKET WRENCHES
Tools For Pushing Or Pulling
Pike pole
K - Tool
Pry Bars
Rubbish Hook
Tools Used For Prying Or Spreading
Crowbar
Flat Bar
Halligan Tool
Pry Bar
Hydraulic Spreaders
Tools Used For Striking
Battering Ram
Chisel
Flat Head Axe
Hammer
Mallet
Pick Head Axe
Sledge Hammer
Single Jack
Spring - Loaded Center Punch
Tools Used For Cutting
Axe
Bolt Cutters
Wire Cutters
Knife
Chain Saw
Hack Saw
Hydraulic Shears
Reciprocating Saw
Rotary Saw
Seatbelt Cutter
Special Use Tools
PULASKI
The Pulaski Axe is a special forest fighting tool. Along with the standard single bit edge, there also is a special
Mattock blade for dirt grubbing and trenching.
MCCLOUD
The Forestry "McLeod" Fire Tool is a combination hoe/rake with bolted blade, 3 " teeth and 4' wood handle.
Forestry shovel:
This is a short handled shovel about 1.2 m (4 feet) long. The shovel is the workhorse of the wildfire inventory, it is used
to scrape light fuels from the dirt when building fire line, may be used to throw dirt cooling or smothering flames and
the edges are sharpened allowing it to chop down saplings and cut branches from brush or trees.
BRUSH HOOK
Bush hooks are ideal for cutting medium-sized, non-woody brush. The hooks can be used like an axe. The blades cut
easily on the "pull" stroke. Bush hooks can be safer to use than axes, yet as effective as axes.
Special Use Equipment
Extrication Tools
Hydraulic Spreaders
Air Bags
Air Chisel
Come A Long
High Lift Jack
Cribbing
Hack Saw
Socket Set
Power Tools
4 CATEGORIES
Power Tools
Electric
Blowers
Circular Saws
Reciprocal Saws
Drill Motors
Power Tools
BATTERY OPERATED
Drill Motors
Reciprocal Saws
Power Tools
HYDRAULIC
SPREADERS
Hurst
Holmatro
Bottle JACKS
Power Tools
GASOLINE POWERED
Chain Saws
Rotary Saws
Generators
Blowers
Power Units
Gasoline Powered Tools
How do they Function
2 Stroke / 4 Stroke
Engines
2 Stroke Engine
Two-stroke Basics
This is what a two-stroke engine looks like: You find two-stroke
engines in such devices as chain saws and jet skis because
two-stroke engines have three important advantages over
four-stroke engines:
(1.)Two-stroke engines do not have valves, which simplifies
their construction and lowers their weight.
(2.)Two-stroke engines fire once every revolution, while four-
stroke engines fire once every other revolution. This gives
two-stroke engines a significant power boost.
(3.)Two-stroke engines can work in any orientation, which can
be important in something like a chainsaw. A standard
four-stroke engine may have problems with oil flow unless
it is upright, and solving this problem can add complexity
to the engine.
These advantages make two-stroke engines lighter, simpler and
less expensive to manufacture. Two-stroke engines also
have the potential to pack about twice the power into the
same space because there are twice as many power strokes
per revolution. The combination of light weight and twice
the power gives two-stroke engines a great power-to-
weight ratio compared to many four-stroke engine
designs.
You don't normally see two-stroke engines in cars, however.
That's because two-stroke engines have a couple of
significant disadvantages that will make more sense once
we look at how it operates.
4 Stroke Engine
Each time the piston rises and falls it turns the crankshaft
which is responsible for turning the wheels.,which is
converted into forward motion.
Note that the spark plug only fires once every other
revolution in a 4 cycle engine.
Advantages of a Two Stroke Engine
1. Each phase of a fire ground operation may require the use of certain types of tools and equipment.
2. Forcible entry:
This phase applies when entry to buildings, vehicles, aircraft, or other confined areas that are locked or blocked, requiring fire
fighters to use special techniques to gain access.
3. Interior attack:
During this phase, a team of fire fighters is assigned to enter a structure and attempt fire suppression.
5. Rapid intervention:
A rapid intervention company/crew (RIC) is a team of fully equipped personnel that is designated to provide immediate assistance
to injured or trapped fire fighters.
6. Ventilation:
This step involves changing air within a compartment by natural or mechanical means.
7. Overhaul:
The final phase is to ensure that all hidden fires are extinguished after the main fire has been suppressed.
Response And Size-up
What does this have to do with tools and Equipment
Examples
AXES
SAWS
Chain Saw
Rotary Saw
EXTRICATION TOOLS
Hydraulic spreaders
Air Bags
Pry Bars
COME A LONG
AIR CHISEL
SOCKET WRENCHES
PLIERS
Tools And Equipment used for Rapid Intervention
1. Many of the same tools used for forcible entry are also
used to provide ventilation.
2. Power saws and axes are commonly used to cut
through roofs and vent combustion by-products.
3. Fans are often used either to remove smoke from a
building or to introduce fresh air into a structure.
4. With positive-pressure ventilation, fresh air is blown
into a building through selected openings to force
contaminated air out through other openings.
5. Negative-pressure ventilation uses fans placed at
selected openings to draw contaminated air out of a
building.
6. Ventilation fans can be powered either by electric or
gasoline motors or by water pressure.
7. Horizontal ventilation usually involves opening outer
doors and windows to allow fresh air to enter and to
remove contaminated air.
8. Unlocked or easily released windows and doors should
be opened normally.
9. Locked or jammed windows and doors may have to be
broken or forced open using basic interior firefighting
tools.
Tools And Equipment used for Ventilation
An important reason to perform regular maintenance on all tools Never attempt to clean or fix a tool without experience and knowledge. Not
is to keep yourself safe. A rusty blade or broken gear can cause only could you potentially damage the tool, but you could seriously hurt
you to suffer a serious injury. Never turn on a power tool if yourself in the process.
you think it has been damaged. If an object becomes trapped in the power tool or the mechanisms fail, make
To help prevent problems from occurring, it's important to keep sure the machine is completely shut off before disassembling. Always
your tools in a clean, dry area, away from dust and moisture. follow all given instructions on taking apart any piece of equipment and
Dirt can get trapped in mechanisms either slowing them then reassembling. Don't add or alter any parts.
down or stopping them altogether. Too much moisture can The most important part of power tool maintenance is safety. You don't want
cause rust, which can easily destroy a power tool. This is to be responsible for the ramifications of using a faulty tool. Performing
especially true if they are battery powered. Batteries should be a little bit of maintenance will keep your power tools running smoothly
checked often for leaks and changed according to factory for years to come.
specifications. Electrical cords and plugs should also be
examined for damage before using.
Keeping your power tools oiled is also an important part of regular
maintenance. This helps maintain clean movement and also Maintaining and Repairing Tools
can preventing rusting. Oiling keeps your equipment running
smoothly and should be performed often. Install or repair equipment only if you are qualified. A faulty job could
Large tools require a more thorough maintenance. Filters should cause serious injuries from mechanical failure, fire, or shock.
be checked and changed often as well as oiling, dusting, and
Maintain tools in proper working condition. Regularly inspect tools, cords and
testing between uses. Bolts, hoses, and other small parts
accessories. Repair or replace problem equipment immediately. Keep
should be kept tight. Tools like chain saws will need tools sharp, well oiled and stored in a dry place.
alignment and balancing occasionally to ensure that they
work properly. Blades Circular Saws will need to be replaced Never alter a tool in a manner that reduces its effectiveness or safety.
periodically. If you're unsure of how to perform any necessary
maintenance, consult with a professional.
Tool Maintenance
A. Tools and equipment must be properly maintained so that they will be ready for
use when they are needed.
1. Keep equipment clean and free from rust.
2. Keep cutting blades sharpened and fuel tanks filled.
3. Every tool and piece of equipment must be ready for use before you respond to
an emergency incident.
B. Use power equipment only after you have been instructed on its use.
GARDEN HOSE
PIECE OF WOOD
HOUSEHOLD LADDER
Review
No where tools are kept
Engine
Truck
USAR
Safety
Know the hazards of the tool
Wear PPE
Use the right tool
Types of tools
Rotating
Pushing or Pulling
Prying or spreading
Striking
Cutting
Multiple Use
Power Supply
Battery
Fuel (Type of fuel)
Electric
Review
Forcible Entry
Interior Attack
The time from Point of entry till Mop Up is complete
Type of tools used to enter (other than hose)
Is it for
Fire attack
Rescue
Ventilation
Search & Rescue
Pike Poles
Axes
Webbing
Review
Rescue Tools
Rapid Intervention
Self supported from other operations
In stand by mode
Flexible
Ventilation
Vertical
Horizontal
Maintenance
Washing
Sharpening
Refueling
Verdugo Fire Academy
The End