Chapter 5.

The Fourier Transform

Outline
•Fourier series,
•Fourier spectra of power signals,
• Fourier transform of periodic functions
•Fourier analysis of sampled signals,
•modulation,
•discrete Fourier transforms.
• Let x(t) be a CT periodic signal with period
T, i.e.,
x(t  T )  x(t ), t  R
• Example: the rectangular pulse train
 The Fourier Series

• Then, x(t) can be expressed as


x(t )  ce
k 
k
jk 0t
, t

where  0  2 /T is the fundamental

frequency (rad/sec) of the signal and
T /2
1

 jk o t
ck  x(t )e dt , k  0, 1, 2,
T T / 2
c0 is called the constant or dc component of x(t)
 Conditions for existence of F.S.
• A periodic signal x(t), has a Fourier series
if it satisfies the following Dirichlet
conditions:
1. x(t) is absolutely integrable over any
period (must be bounded), namely
a T

 | x(t ) | dt  ,
a
a 
2. x(t) has only a finite number of maxima
and minima over any period
3. x(t) has only a finite number of
discontinuities over any period
 Example: The Rectangular Pulse Train

• .

• From figure T  2, so  0  2 / 2  
• Clearly x(t) satisfies the Dirichlet conditions and
thus has a Fourier series representation
Example: The Rectangular Pulse
Train – Cont’d
1 
1  k  jk t
x(t)    sin   e , t
2 k 
k  2 
k 0
 Fourier analysis is a tool that changes a
time domain signal to a frequency domain
signal and vice versa.
 Fourier Series

• Every composite periodic signal can be

represented with a series of sine and cosine
functions.
• The functions are integral harmonics of the
fundamental frequency “f” of the composite
signal.
• Using the series we can decompose any
periodic signal into its harmonics.
FS…
Example:
• Fourier Transform gives the frequency
domain of both periodic and nonperiodic
time domain signal.
Example of a Fourier Transform