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Solar Energy I
Physics 471
2004-1
Instructor : Prof. Dr. AHMET ECEVİT
Presented by:
YASİN GÜNERİ
TABLE OF CONTENT
PAGES
1)INTRODUCTION 3
2)FLAT-PLATE COLLECTORS 5
A. ABSORBER PLATE & FLOW PASSAGES 9
B.COVER PLATES 12
C.ENCLOSURE / INSULATION 15
3) PROPER ORIENTATION AND ANGLE of SOLAR COLLECTOR 17
A. FLAT-PLATR COLLECTORS FACING SOUTH AT FIXED TILT 18
B. ONE-AXİS TRACKING FLAT-PLATE COLLECTORS WHIT AXIS ORIENTED 19
NORTH-SOUTH
C. TWO-AXIS TRACKING FLAT-PLATE COLLECTORS 20
4) COLLECTOR PERFORMANCE 21
A. ABSORBED RADIATION 25
B. COLLECTOR HEAT REMOVAL FACTOR 26
C. OVERALL HEAT LOSS COEFFICIENT 27
5) COLLECTOR EFFICIENCY 29
6) APPLICATIONS 32
A. DOMESTIC APPLICATIONS 33
B. COMMERCIAL APPLICATTIONS 35
7) CONCLUSION 37
REFERENCES 38
1. INTRODUCTION
- Flat-plate collectors,
- Evacuated-tube collectors
- Focusing collectors.
In flat-plate collectors there is no optical
concentration of sunlight and they are generally
stationary . In addition to this their outlet temperature
capability is below 100 °C
However to reach higher temparatures evacuated-tube
collectors and focusing collectors are used.
In evacuated-tube collectors they use vacuun to
reduce heat lost and to protect the absorber coating
from deteration.By this way they can reach
temperatures up to 140 °C and they can collect both
direct and diffuse solar radiation
And focusing collectors, they are not stable and they
follow the sun to get direct radiation; theycan not
utilize diffuse radiation. And they are also capable of
producing high temperatures [1].
2. FLAT-PLATE COLLECTORS
A flat plate collector is basicly a black surface that is placed at
a convenient path of the sun.And a typical flat plate collector
is a metal box with a glass or plastic cover (called glazing) on
top and a dark-colored absorber plate on the bottom. The sides
and bottom of the collector are usually insulated to minimize
heat loss.[2]
Figure 2.1 gives examples of flat-plate collectors
Thermal 43 27 68 32-40
Expansion
Coefficient
“ 16 0.050 175
“ 24 0.045 175
“ 48 0.43 175
Table 2.3 Characteristics of insulation materials [1].
Here in figure 2.5 we can see insulation part.
QU = AC FR S - AC FR UL (Ti-Ta)
UL=Utop+Ubottom+Uedge,W/m²K
Figure 5.1 Energy diagram for typical flat plate collector [3]
5. COLLECTOR EFFICIENCY
The basic method of measuring collector
performance is to expose the operating collector to
solar radiation and measure the fluid inlet and outlet
temperatures and the fluid flow rate.The useful gain
is [6];
QU m CP (T0 Ti )
Equation 5.1 Energy gained by liquid[6].
Where;
m’ = Fluid mass flow rate, kg/s
Cp = Fluid specific heat, J/kg°C
The equation 5.1 which describes the thermal
performance of a collector operating under steady
conditions, can be rewritten [6];
FRU L Ti Ta
FR
Qu
ni
AcGT GT
That is;
m' C p T0 Ti
ni
Ac GT
6) APPLICATIONS
A) Domestic applications
B) Commercial applications
A) Domestic applications
Flate plate collectors mainly used in residential buildings where
the demand for hot water has a large impact on energy bills. This
generally means a situation with a large family, or a situation in
which the hot water demand is excessive due to frequent laundry
washing [2].
For instance, a family of 4 members consumes on an average
100 litre of hot water a day at 60 ˚C. Hot water of 100 litre
capacity at 60 ˚C approximate can be delivered by a single
collector system of 2 m² area. The solar water heating systems are
generally provided with auxiliary backup in the insulated hot
storage tank for the rainy and heavily overcast cloudy days [7].
Here we can see solar flat-plate collectors used for
heating buildings.
Figure 6.1 Flat plate collectors used for heating buildings [8].
B) Commercial applications
Commercial applications include laundromats, car washes,
military laundry facilities and eating establishments. Solar water
heating systems are most likely to be cost effective for facilities
with water heating systems that are expensive to operate, or with
operations such as laundries or kitchens that require large
quantities of hot water.
And unglazed liquid collectors are commonly used to heat
water for swimming pools. Because these collectors need not
withstand high temperatures, they can use lessexpensive
materials such as plastic or rubber. They also do not require
freeze-proofing because swimming pools are generally used only
in warm weather or can be drained easily during cold weather
[2].
Here we can see solar flat-plate collectors used for
heating swimming pools.
Figure 6.2 Flat-plate collectors used for heating swimming pools [9].
7) CONCLUSION
Flat-plate collectors which are used for water heating,
are long lasting, and also in long term they are cheaper
than other water heating systems.However,they requires
large areas if high energy output is a requirement.
Than solar energy is free if we do not include the initial
cost for installation and the maintenance.
Finally; bessides these we should remember by using
solar energy we can protect nature.
REFERENCES
[1] Jan F. Kreider, Charles J. Hoogendoorn,
Frank Kreith “ Solar Design “ Hemisphere
Publishing Corporation, (1989), pp. 44-55.
[2] http://www.flasolar.com
[3] http://www.solarnetrix.com
[4] http://www.solstice.crest.org
[5] http://www.rredc.nrel.gov
[6] Duffie, J. A. and Beckman, W. A. , 1991. Solar
Engineering of Thermal Processes , John Wiley and
Sons Inc., New York, pp.250-290 .
[7] http://www.iredaltd.com
[8] http://www.ips-solar.com
[9] http://www.northeastpoolstore.com