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Model Parameters:
Constant 0.031 ***
Ln (Treatment cost per ton of solid waste) -0.002***
Ln (Number of Employees) -0.010 ***
Model Statistics:
Lambda 0.000
Log-Likelihood -527.27
Wald Chi2 (Prob. > Chi2) 460280.49(.000)
Thus our confidence that SFA and DEA provide similar efficiency
rankings of the Welsh SMEs is very high this is encouraging given
the different assumptions underlying these two approaches
Summary of Findings
SFA was used to obtain technical efficiency scores for 299 Welsh SMEs
and the two inputs specified were both found to be significant
The SFA scores correlate with those obtained by DEA increasing our
confidence in our estimates of the SMEs efficiency rankings
Some initial evidence that waste auditing and use of local business
support groups may impact efficiencies of the SMEs
Further research: We are focusing on panel data collection of SME
inputs and outputs to answer important questions like:
Which industries have been improving their efficiencies faster over time?
Which waste management practices have the most impact over time?
Can more sophisticated input and output models be developed for the
rankings?
Can the model be successfully applied to other waste management
approaches?
How do SMEs compare to larger firms? Different countries?
Thanks!
DEA Numeric Example
min TEk k
s.t.3 x13 x111 x122 x133 x144 x155 0
3 x23 x211 x222 x233 x244 x255 0
y3 y11 y 2 2 y3 3 y 4 4 y5 5 0
1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 0
.
CRS Input-Oriented DEA Solution
Input
By virtue of interpolation between C and D all input -
output correspondences on CD are feasible
D
C
Input
Using interpolations between observed units the set of all feasible
input -output correspondences is constructed and its boundary
identified
D
C
Input
Examining DMU Efficiencies in DEA
Using the set of all feasible input output correspondences the comparative efficiency
and other information in respect of a unit (e.g. unit E) is derived as illustrated here:
Data Envelopment Analysis
Activity level Output Efficiency of E: FE/FG
The residual also captures other noise or random effects (e.g. omitted
variables, measurement error, etc.)
SFA attempts to decompose the error term into inefficiency and noise
components for each DMU i
SFA Model for I DMUs and K inputs
k K
ln y i k x ik [ v i u i ] i 1 n
k 1
We decompose the error term into two components:
v is an identically distributed conventional two-sided error term with zero
mean. It stands for random noise, omitted variables etc.
Frontier:
y= exp(xβ)
yi= exp(xβ +vi)
vi is noise due to
random events
if vi>0
above frontier
if vi<0
under
frontier;
The exponential or half-normal distributions often assumed for SFA
inefficiencies (u) acknowledge that larger inefficiency values are less likely
2.5
2
1.5
f(u)
1
0.5
0
0 1 2 3
random variable, u
f(u) exp f(u) half-normal
The Stochastic Frontier
y exp(x v u i)
TE exp(x v ) exp(x v ) exp(u )
i i i
i i
i i i i
The SFA model is usually fitted using Maximum
Likelihood estimation
We need to estimate the inefficiency of the ith producer (ui) by using its
composed residual ei = vi - ui .
DEA SFA
Does not accommodate noise (noise is Specifies noise (separates noise from
effectively part of the efficiency score) efficiency scores)
Can accommodate multiple outputs and Typically can only accommodate single
multiple inputs output with multiple outputs
Study Variables:
Model Parameters:
Constant 0.031 ***
Ln (Treatment cost per ton of solid waste) -0.002***
Ln (Number of Employees) -0.010 ***
Model Statistics:
Lambda 0.000
Log-Likelihood -527.27
Wald Chi2 (Prob. > Chi2) 460280.49(.000)
SFA Results -- 2
Thus our confidence that SFA and DEA provide similar efficiency
rankings of the Welsh SMEs is very high this is encouraging given
the different assumptions underlying these two approaches
Summary of Findings
SFA was used to obtain technical efficiency scores for 299 Welsh SMEs
and the two inputs specified were both found to be significant
The SFA scores correlate with those obtained by DEA increasing our
confidence in our estimates of the SMEs efficiency rankings
Some initial evidence that waste monitoring and use of local business
support groups may impact efficiencies of the SMEs
Further research: We are focusing on panel data collection of SME
inputs and outputs to answer important questions like:
Which industries have been improving their efficiencies faster over time?
Which waste management practices have the most impact over time?
Can more sophisticated input and output models be developed for the
rankings?
Can the model be succesfully applied to other waste management
approaches?
How do SMEs compare to larger firms? Different countries?