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Admixtures
Team Members:
Navid Borjian
Dean Arthur
Rey Alcones
Angelique Fabbiani-Leon
SRJC Engr. 45
December 7, 2009
Concrete is composed mainly of cement (commonly Portland cement),
aggregate, water, and chemical admixtures.
Chemical Admixtures
Fine Aggregate
•Concrete solidifies and hardens after mixing with water and placement due
to a chemical process known as hydration.
•The water reacts with the cement, which bonds the other components
together, eventually creating a stone-like material.
•Concrete is used more than any other man-made material in the world.
•The word concrete comes from the Latin word "concretus" (meaning
compact or condensed).
•The first major concrete users were the Egyptians in around 2,500 BC and
the Romans from 300 BC.
Opus caementicium laying bare on a tomb near Rome. In Outer view of the Roman Pantheon, still the largest
contrast to modern concrete structures, the concrete unreinforced solid concrete dome to this day.
walls of Roman buildings were covered, usually with
brick or stone.
•Concrete has many applications and is used to make pavements, pipe,
structures, foundations, roads, bridges/overpasses, walls and footings for
gates.
Properties:
• Concrete has relatively high compressive strength, but significantly lower
tensile strength, and as such is usually reinforced with materials that are
strong in tension (often steel).
• The elasticity of concrete is relatively constant at low stress levels but starts
decreasing at higher stress levels as matrix cracking develops.
• All concrete structures will crack to some extent, due to shrinkage and
tension.
• The mix design depends on the type of structure being built, how the concrete will be mixed and delivered, and how
it will be placed to form the structure.
• Examples include:
• Regular concrete
• Pre-Mixed concrete
• High-strength concrete
• Stamped concrete
• High-Performance concrete
• UHPC (Ultra-High Performance Concrete)
• Self-consolidating concretes
• Vacuum concretes
• Shotcrete
• Cellular concrete
• Roller-compacted concrete
• Glass concrete
• Asphalt concrete
• Rapid strength concrete
• Rubberized concrete
• Polymer concrete
• Geopolymer or Green concrete
• Limecrete
• Gypsum concrete
• Light-Transmitting Concrete
Basic Composition for Main Concretes
Regular Concrete
Cement, Aggregate, and water
• Sample 1:
Portland cement + coarse aggregate + fine aggregate + water
• Sample 2:
Portland cement + coarse aggregate + fine aggregate + water +
fly ash + water reducer
• Sample 3:
Portland cement + coarse aggregate + fine aggregate + water +
fly ash + water reducer + silica fume
• Sample 4:
Portland cement + coarse aggregate + fine aggregate + water +
fly ash + water reducer + silica fume + polypropylene fibers
Admixtures and Properties
•
Background
There are two types of fly ash used
Fly Ash •
Background
Being a pozzolan, fly ash has the
in concrete which is classified as ability to act cementitious with the
Class-C and Class-F. presence of cement and water. This
• Class-F is more widely used process is able to happen because
because it is made from the burning of fly having silica and alumina.
of older anthracite (i.e. black coal ,
black diamond, etc.) which is in
• Fly ash on a micro level takes the
abundance, with an opposing
form of a sphere which allows the
amount of uses.
particle to fit easily within the pores
• Fly ash that is not used in concrete of the concrete. This circular form of
is poured in landfills with it’s micro the fly ash also allows the concrete
dust particles to flutter in the to be more fluid and workable. When
atmosphere. it comes to setting the concrete, it’s
• As far as human health is concern, a benefit for workers by it having
fly ash in itself contains traces of this feature making it easier to place.
heavy metals which pertains to
arsenic, selenium, lead, and more.
Benefits
•For every ton of Portland cement one ton of carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere. Decreasing the
amount of Portland cement would lower the carbon emissions. Replacing this portion with fly ash would help with
decreasing the amount of Portland cement needed as well as making use for the ash that would otherwise be put
in landfills or the factories.
• Decreasing the amount of water is always a benefit when it comes to cement. Fly ash lowers the amount of
water needed because it’s smoother and spherical shape on a micro level allows the concrete to have more
consistency without plasticizing with more water.
•Fly ash lowers the amount of voids (compared to regular cement) because of the particles’ small size.
Silica Fume
Properties
Properties
•When regular concrete is under a great amount of compression it will spilt and deform on the spot into separate
pieces once it reaches its greatest tensile load. Mixing sporadically polypropylene fibers into the cement will
balance this effect by attaching to the other piece that wants to spilt away and maintain both sides for a longer
duration.
Benefits
•With the addition of polypropylene fiber in the mixture of concrete it enhances the toughness and tensile strength. When
concrete is by itself it has the tendency to be very brittle especially in the area of a tensile test which is where the fibers
come into play to build in where regular concrete lags, which can increase the compressive strength to a dramatic level.
•In coastal areas there is a high concentration of chloride ions from the salty air, this creates corrosion with the steel
product which produces rust as a result. This rust has the capacity to expand four to ten times larger than the iron causing
a large expansion which makes crakes and voids. Polypropylene fibers now are underway in replacing the reinforcing
steel in concrete, which has a much greater strength and can reach up to 20k psi.
Making Our
Samples
Slump Test
• The goal of the test is to measure the
consistency of concrete through out the mix.
What We Learned
Our Procedures
• Test first sample at 11 days, second sample at 18 days.
• First two samples and one of the third samples loaded wet
side down.
Load:28000# Load:32000#
Psi:990 Psi:1132
Sample 3 Sample 4
Load:38500# Load:33000#
Psi:1362 Psi:1167
Our Failure Modes
Test 2
Sample 1 Sample 2
Load:46000# Load:25500#
Psi:1626 Psi:902
Sample 3 Sample 4
Load:62500#
Load:20000#
Psi:2210
Psi:707
Our Failure Modes
Test 3 (Two Cylinders)
Sample 1 Sample 2
(Averaged) (Averaged)
Load: 33750# Load:28250#
Psi:1194 Psi:999
Sample 3 Sample 4
(Averaged)
(Averaged) Load:41500#
Load:39500# Psi:1468
Psi:1397
Results from Data
Concrete Age/Admixture Strengthening
Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4
65
60
55
50
Pressure (Kilo-Pounds)
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27
Cure Time (Days)
Interpretation of Data
• General trend of all samples (except sample 2) were
upward.
• Text:
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthracite
• http://www.toolbase.org/Technology-Inventory/Foundations/fly-ash-concrete
• http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/25/us/25sludge.html
• http://www.silicafume.org/general-silicafume.html
• http://www.concretenetwork.com/concrete/concrete_admixtures/silica_fume.htm
• http://www.uritc.uri.edu/media/finalreportspdf/536101.pdf
• www.nrmca.com/aboutconcrete/cips/35p.pdf
Superior Supplies Inc.
40 Ridgway Ave
Santa Rosa, CA 95401
(707) 546-7864