0 оценок0% нашли этот документ полезным (0 голосов)
52 просмотров23 страницы
- Pieces of evidence that support the big bang theory are redshift, cosmic microwave background radiation, and abundance of light elements.
- Big bang nucleosynthesis is the process of light element formation in the early universe.
- Light elements like helium, deuterium, and trace amounts of lithium and beryllium formed in the first three minutes after the big bang through nuclear fusion in the hot, dense conditions of the early universe.
- Pieces of evidence that support the big bang theory are redshift, cosmic microwave background radiation, and abundance of light elements.
- Big bang nucleosynthesis is the process of light element formation in the early universe.
- Light elements like helium, deuterium, and trace amounts of lithium and beryllium formed in the first three minutes after the big bang through nuclear fusion in the hot, dense conditions of the early universe.
- Pieces of evidence that support the big bang theory are redshift, cosmic microwave background radiation, and abundance of light elements.
- Big bang nucleosynthesis is the process of light element formation in the early universe.
- Light elements like helium, deuterium, and trace amounts of lithium and beryllium formed in the first three minutes after the big bang through nuclear fusion in the hot, dense conditions of the early universe.
the idea that this mysterious universe has expanded from a very hot and dense initial condition at sometime in the past, 13.3 billion years ago and it continuous to expand Big Bang Theory
After the initial appearance of our
universe as singularity, it apparently inflated (the "Big Bang"), expanded and cooled - going from very, very small and very, very hot, to the size and temperature of our current universe. Pieces of evidence supporting this theory are (1) occurrence of redshift, (2) background radiation, and (3) abundance of light elements. In the 1910s, Vesto Slipher and Carl Wilhelm Wirtz measured the wavelengths of light from spiral nebulae, which are interstellar clouds of dust and ionized gases. They discovered that the light from the nebulae increased in wavelength. They explained their discovery as a Doppler shift. The Doppler shift or Doppler effect It explains that when an object gets closer to us, its light waves are compressed into shorter wavelengths (blueshifted, because blue light has the shortest wavelength in the visible region).
On the other hand, when an object moves away from us,
its light waves are stretched into longer wavelengths (redshifted, because red light has the longest wavelength in the visible region). In 1965, Robert Wilson and Arno Penzias discovered a low, steady “hum” from their Holmdel Horn antenna (an antenna built to support NASA’s Project Echo). They concluded that the noise is Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMBR), the remains of energy created after the big bang expansion. Big bang nucleosynthesis is the process of producing the light elements during the big bang expansion. In the beginning, the universe was very hot that matter was fully ionized and dissociated. Few seconds after the start of the big bang, the universe was filled with protons, neutrons, electrons, neutrinos, and positrons. After the first three minutes, the universe cooled down to a point where atomic nuclei can form. Protons and neutrons combined to form atomic nuclei such as deuterium. However, the temperature of the universe was still much greater than the binding energy of deuterium.
Binding energy is the energy
required to break down a nucleus into its components. Therefore, deuterium easily decayed upon formation. When the temperature cooled down below 1010 K, deuterium nuclei combined with other nuclei to form heavier ones. Helium-3 was formed from the fusion of two deuterium nuclei and a release of a neutron. Tritium or hydrogen-3 was produced from the fusion of two deuterium nuclei and a release of a proton. Helium-4 was produced from the fusion of deuterium and tritium. For the first three minutes, a substantial amount of neutrons was converted into helium-4 nuclei, before their decay. Helium then combined to other nuclei to form heavier ones such as lithium-7 and beryllium-7. Lithium-7 was synthesized from helium-4 and tritium. Beryllium-7 was produced from helium-3 and helium-4. Among the light elements formed, deuterium, helium-3, helium-4, and lithium-7 were stable. Beryllium-7 was unstable and decayed spontaneously to lithium-7. How are elements heavier than beryllium formed? Summary
• Pieces of evidence that support the big bang
theory are redshift, cosmic microwave background radiation, and abundance of light elements. • Big bang nucleosynthesis is the process of light element formation. • The light elements that formed after the big bang were helium, deuterium, and trace amounts of lithium and beryllium. • Deuterium, helium-3, helium-4, and lithium- 7 were stable. On the other hand, beryllium- 7 was unstable and decayed spontaneously to lithium-7.