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M.

Kumarasamy College of
Engineering

Department of EEE

POWER QUALITY ENGINEERING

January 2, 2018 Introduction to Power Quality 1


UNIT- I

INTRODUCTION

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Introduction

 Quality of the normal voltage supplied to our load

 Microprocessors and electronic equipments has


made to focus on power quality.

 Voltage provided should be as close as possible to


nominal voltage and

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Definition
“The measure, analysis, and improvement of bus
voltage, usually a load bus voltage, to
maintain that voltage to be a sinusoid at rated
voltage and frequency.”
PQ deals with,
 Continuity of the supply
 Quality of the voltage
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Power quality issues
Power quality problems can be broadly classified
into following categories.
 Transients
 RMS variations
• Short Duration Variations
• Long Duration variations

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Contd…
 Waveform Distortion
• DC Offset
• Harmonics
• Interharmonics
• Notching
 Voltage Fluctuations
 Power frequency variations

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Transients

A sudden increase or decrease in current or


voltage

Transients or surges are sometimes referred to


as “spikes”

Transients can destroy computer chips and TV

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Types of Transient
 Impulsive transient,
 Oscillatory transient.
Impulsive transient:
Sudden, non–power frequency change in the steady-state
condition of voltage, current, or both that is unidirectional in
polarity (primarily either positive or negative).

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Contd…

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Oscillatory transient:

Sudden, non–power frequency change in the


steady-state condition of voltage, current, or
both, that includes both positive and negative
polarity values.

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Contd..
 Consists of a voltage or current whose instantaneous
value changes polarity rapidly.

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Short Duration Variations
Short-duration voltage variations are caused by

Fault conditions,

Energization of large loads which require high


starting currents, or

Intermittent loose connections in power


wiring.

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Contd…
The fault can cause temporary
Voltage drops (sags),

Voltage rises (swells), or

A complete loss of voltage (interruptions).

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Interruption:

 When the supply voltage or load current decreases


to less than 0.1 pu for a period of time not
exceeding 1 min.
 The duration of an interruption due to equipment
malfunctions or loose connections can be
irregular.

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Voltage Sag (dip)

 A sag is a decrease to between 0.1 and 0.9 pu in rms


voltage or current at the power frequency for
durations from 0.5 cycle to 1 min.

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Contd…
 Usually associated with system faults
 Caused by energization of heavy loads or starting of
large motors.

Swell:
 An increase to between 1.1 and 1.8 pu in rms voltage or
current at the power frequency for durations from 0.5
cycle to 1 min.

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Contd…
The temporary voltage rise on the unfaulted phases during an
SLG fault.

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Long Duration Variation
 root-mean-square (rms) deviations at power frequencies
for longer than 1 min.
 A voltage variation is considered to be long duration
when ANSI limits are exceeded for greater than 1 min.
Long-duration variations can be either
• Overvoltages or
• Undervoltages.

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Overvoltage:

 An increase in the rms ac voltage greater than


110% at the power frequency for a duration
longer than 1 min.
Under voltage:
 a decrease in the rms ac voltage to less than 90 %
at the power frequency for a duration longer than
1 min.
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Waveform Distortion
DC Offset:
The presence of a dc voltage or current in an ac power
system
This causes,
 Additional heating and loss of transformer life.
 Direct current may also cause the electrolytic erosion of
grounding electrodes and other connectors

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Harmonics:

 Sinusoidal voltages or currents having frequencies that are

integer multiples of the frequency at which the supply system is

designed to operate (termed the fundamental frequency; usually

50 or 60 Hz).

Origin:

 The nonlinear characteristics of devices and

 Loads on the power system.

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Interharmonics:
 Voltages or currents having frequency components that are not

integer multiples of the frequency at which the supply system is

designed to operate (e.g., 50 or 60 Hz)

The main sources of interharmonic waveform distortion are

Static frequency converters,

Cycloconverters, induction furnaces, and arcing devices.

Power line carrier signals can also be considered as

interharmonics.
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Notching:

Periodic voltage disturbance

Harmonic spectrum of the affected voltage

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Voltage fluctuation
Systematic variations of the voltage envelope or a series of random
voltage changes, the magnitude of which does not normally exceed the
voltage ranges specified by ANSI C84.1 of 0.9 to 1.1 pu.

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Power Frequency Variations
 The deviation of the power system fundamental frequency
from it specified nominal value (e.g., 50 or 60 Hz).

The size of the frequency shift and its duration depend on the
Load characteristics and

The response of the generation control system to


load changes.

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Effects of power quality problem
 Newer-generation load equipment,

 with microprocessor-based controls and

 power electronic devices,

 Increasing harmonic levels on power systems

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Voltage versus Current Distortion
 The harmonic voltages are too great (the voltage
too distorted) for the control to properly
determine firing angles.
 The harmonic currents are too great for the
capacity of some device in the power supply
system such as a transformer, and the machine
must be operated at a lower than rated power.

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Contd…
 The harmonic voltages are too great

 Nonlinear loads appear to be sources of harmonic


current in shunt with and

 Injecting harmonic currents into the power system.

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Contd…
 Load has no control over the voltage distortion

 The amount of voltage distortion depends on the


impedance and the current.

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Harmonics versus Transients
 Transient waveforms exhibit the high frequencies

 The frequencies are not necessarily harmonics;

 Natural frequencies of the system at the time of the


switching operation.

 These frequencies have no relation to the system


fundamental frequency.

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Contd…
 Produces the harmonics is present continually, or at
least for several seconds.

 Transients are usually dissipated within a few cycles.

 Harmonics are associated with the continuing operation


of a load.

 Transient event but can produce considerable waveform


distortion for many seconds

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Harmonic indices

The two most commonly used indices for


measuring the harmonic content of a waveform
are

-The Total Harmonic Distortion and

-The Total Demand Distortion.

Measures of the effective value of a waveform


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System response characteristics

The response of the system is equally as


important as the sources of harmonics.

At each harmonic frequency determines the


true impact of the nonlinear load on harmonic
voltage distortion.

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Contd…

Three primary variables affecting the system


response characteristics

The system impedance,

The presence of a capacitor bank, and

The amount of resistive loads in the


system.
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System impedance

Power systems are primarily inductive, and the equivalent


impedance is sometimes called simply the short-circuit
reactance. The short-circuit impedance as follows

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Capacitor impedance

Capacitors do not create harmonics, but


Severe harmonic distortion
The reactance of inductive components increases
proportionately to frequency, capacitive reactance XC
decreases proportionately:

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Parallel resonance

 Parallel resonance occurs when the reactance of


XC and the distribution system cancel each other
out.
 The frequency at which this phenomenon occurs
is called the parallel resonant frequency.
It can be expressed as follows:

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Contd…

Three-phase banks - Use phase-to-phase


voltage and the three phase reactive power
rating.

Single-phase units - Use the capacitor


voltage rating and the reactive power rating.

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Sources of Harmonic distortion
Single-Phase rectifiers
Three-Phase rectifiers
•The six-pulse rectifier
•The twelve pulse rectifier
High-Frequency Fluorescent Ballasts
Transformers
Other systems that draw Harmonic currents
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Principles of Controlling harmonics

Harmonic distortion is present to some degree


on all power systems.

Fundamentally, one needs to control harmonics


only when they become a problem.

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Contd…
There are three common causes of harmonic
problems:
1.The source of harmonic currents is too great.

2.The path in which the currents flow is too long


(electrically), resulting in either high voltage distortion
or telephone interference.

3.The response of the system magnifies one or more


1/2/2018 harmonics to a greater degree
Introduction than can be tolerated.
to Power Quality 42
The basic options for controlling harmonics are:

Reduce the harmonic currents produced by the


load.

Add filters, block the currents from entering


the system, or supply the harmonic currents
locally.

Modify the frequency response of the system


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Thank you

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