PERTEMUAN 13

PENGUKURAN DAYA
 Introduction

• Power may be defined as the rate at which energy is transformed oe

made available
• In almost all cases the power in a d.c. circuit is best measured by
separately measuring quantities, V and I and by computing P=VI
• In case of a.c. circuits the instantaneous power varies continuously
as the current and voltage go through a cycle of values
• The fact that the power factor is involved in the expression for the
power means that a wattmeter must be used instead of merely an
ammeter and voltmeter.
 Wattmeter

• A wattmeter is essentially an inherent combination of an ammeter

and a voltmeter and, therefore , consists of two coils known as
current coil and pressure coil.
• Wattmeter connection:
 Wattmeter Errors

• Error due to inductance of pressure coil

cos 
True power   Re ading of wattmeter
cos  cos   

• Error due to pressure coil capacitance

sin 
sin   cot 

• Error due to Eddy currents : soild metal parts are removed as far away from
the current coil as possible
• Error due to power loss in pressure coil or current coil
• There are two method of connecting wattmeters in the circuit for
measurement of power, as shown in figure below (a) and (b).
• Fig (a) : Wattmeter reading  W  I r 2
c

V2
• Fig (b) : Wattmeter reading  W 
R  rp
 Measurement of Power in Single Phase A.C. Circuit

• 3-voltmeter method
V32  V12  V22 V32  V12  V22
P cos  
2R 2V1V2
• Disadvantages : (i) Even small errors in measurement of voltages may
cause serious errors in the value of power, (ii) Supply voltage higher than
normal voltage is required
• 3-Ammeter method
I 32  I 12  I 22
P
R 2
2

I 3  I 12  I 22  cos  
2I1 I 2

• The disadvantages of measurement of power by 3 voltmeters are overcome

in this method
 Measurement of power in conjuction with instrument
transformers

• This method is used when the currents and voltages of the circuits
to be measured are high
• Figure below shows a measurement of power with wattmeter in
conjunction with instrument transformers in single phase A.C.
circuits
• Vector diagram for inductive load

      

cos 
K
cos  cos       

• Vector diagram for capasitive load

     

cos 
K
cos  cos       
 Measurement of Power in 3-Phase Circuit

• Measurement of power in 3-
phase, 4-wire circuits-----------

• P=W1+W2+W3

• Measurement of power in 3-
phase, 3-wire circuits-------------

• P=W1+W2+W3
• 3-wattmeter method of measuring
3-phase power of delta connected
• P=W1+W2+W3

• 1-wattmeter method of measuring

balanced 3-phase power (a) star
connected, (b) delta connected
• P=3W
• 2-wattmeter method of measuring
3-phase 3-wire power :
– (a) star connected,
– P=W1+W2

– (b) delta connected

– P=W1+W2
 Determination of P.F. from Wattmeter Reading

• If load is balanced, then p.f. of the

load can be determined from the
wattmeter readings
• Vector diagram for balanced star
connected inductive load -----

3 W1  W2 
cos   cos tan 1
W1  W2

• The watt-ratio Curve ----------

• p.f. can be determined from

reading of two wattmeters