MODALS

Characteristics

NICE properties (negation, inversion, code and emphasis).

They are followed by bare infinitive (without to), present or

past:
You must pay now.
≠You must to pay now.
It must have been love.

No inflection for the third person singular

He can ride a horse.
≠ He cans ride a horse.
Question is made by inversion
Can you remember her phone?
Do you can remember her phone?

Shortened negative forms are used in everyday language

cannot=can't
will not=won't
must not= mustn't

She must study computer science. (Mora da studira

informatiku.)
She must study computer science. (Ona mora
studirati infomatiku.)
 Permission
May/can
May I go out= Can I go out?

Could
Could I leave early today?

Might
Might I borrow your bag?
 Obligation
must:
You must complete your work today.
*I must remember to send her a message.
have to:
You have to pay to park your car here.
I have to get up early to cook breakfast.
I had to work every day.
I’ll have to go to the conference.

mustn’t vs don’t have to

I mustn't wear jeans at school.
You don't have to stay at school until you are 18.
 Ability
Can/be able
The hotels on the island are able to accom+odate
hundreds of visitors.
I can cook quite well.
Richard can speak Russian.

Could vs was/were able to

He was late for school because he couldn't find his
bag.
He was able to read when he was three.
I will be able give you a lift on my way to college.

* We prefer can or could with verbs of sense (feel, hear,

see, smell, taste) and verbs of thinking (believe, remember,
 Certainty
must:
You must be tired after all your hard work.
can't:
You can't be that tired.

Prediction
will
People will live on Mars.
 Possibility
Can/may
The temperature in the mountains can/may fall below
freezing at this time of the year.

* likely
What time is the meeting likely to finish?
Adult ladybirds may/might be black, red or yellow.

We can /we’ll be able to get into the city centre in less than ten minutes when
the road is finished.

I left Doncaster because I wasn’t able/couldn’t find a job there.

We got a parcel from New Yealand.

Well it couldn’t / mightn’t be from Ken. He is working in Australia.

Not so long ago, more then 20 species of fish could /were be able to be found in
this river.

There was an accident in High Street. That might /could explain why the bus is
taking so long.

This camera is a bit cheaper than the other one, although it mightn’t /can’t be as
good of course.
 Conditional sentences
These are used to talk about possible events and the effects
of them. There are four types:
Zero conditional
Not a true conditional,as the events describes both happen.
IF/WHEN + PRESENT TENSE, PRESENT TENSE
If I stay up late, I feel awful next day.
When the moon passes between the earth and the
sun, there is an eclipse.
First conditional
Used to talk about likely events in the future if something
happens.
IF / WHEN + PRESENT TENSE, PRESENT TENSE
If I pass, I ’ll have a big party.
If you don’t stop talking, I’ll send you to the head
teacher.
 Second conditional
Used to talk about unlikely or impossible situations.
IF + PAST TENSE , WOULD/COULD/MIGHT
If I won the lottery, I would give all the money to charity.
If I won the lottery, I’d give all the money to charity.
I would give all money to charity if I won the lottery.

Third conditonal
Used to speculate about the past.
IF + PAST PERFECT , WOULD HAVE/COULD HAVE /MIGHT HAVE+
PART PARTICIPLE

If you had told me the truth, I wouldn’t have asked the

teacher.
 Mixed conditional
First type
Used when a change in a present situation would have
affected a past situation.
IF +PAST TENSE, WOULD HAVE/COULD HAVE /MIGHT HAVE+ PAST PART.

If I weren’t so busy all the time I could have come

along.
* If not= unless
Second type
Used when a change in a past situation would have caused
a different present situation.
IF +PAST PERFECT, WOULD/MIGHT,COULD/SHOULD
If you had told me about the skiing trip, I would be there with
you now.
 Choose an appropriate conditional
If I __________ (be) you I __________ (study) harder.
If you __________(heat) the water to 100 degrees, it
__________(boil).

If I __________(buy) my mum a birthday present, she

__________(be) upset.

If we__________ (speak) fluent English, we__________

(not have to) study at school.

If I __________ (pass) my driving exam my mum

__________ (not say) a word about my bad school results.
 Translate the following sentences into
English:
Ne bih te zvala na večeru da nemam para da platim za tebe.
Marko bi je pozvao na zabavu kad bi znao da joj se sviđa.
Da ne ustadoh tako rano ne bih propustio autobus.
Ako Helen svrati,obično popijemo čaj.
Kad bi stalno vježbao, bio bi u boljoj kondiciji.
Da si bolje ponovio, položio bi ispit.
Ako budu navratili,pomoći će mi da iznesem ormar.
Život bi mi bio lakši kad bih imala auto.
Da nisam danas došla na predavanje, ne bih znala šta se
radilo.
 Articles
Indefinite article a /an
a man, a university
an egg, an hour
an NP
Use of indefinite article
I saw a man in the street.
A child needs love.
He is a teacher.
a couple, a dozen
1 ½ kilos (but ½ half a kilo)
5 p a kilo
What a nice day!
a Mr Black
 Definite article the
 with people or things mentioned for the second
time:
I saw a man in the street. The man was tall.

 with a particular thing:

Tom sat down on a chair.
but
Tom sat down on the chair nearest to the door.

 with noun made definite by adding phrase/clause:

the girl in black, the man I met
 with unique things
the earth, the sky, the stars

 with ordinal numbers and superlatives:

the first, the best

 with a class of animals or things:

The tiger is in danger of becoming extinct
I went to ___________hospital to see afriend who was ill.
I went to ___________ hospital when I was knocked off my bike.
I go to _________ library once _______ week.
She always goes to bed __________ early.
I often get hay fever in __________ summer.
The shops in my town always close for _______ lunch.
My father used to go to work by _________bike.
When are you going on _________?
Tom never gets to ________on time.
He earns $800 _______ week.
I’ll visit you in ________.
I can’t play football well.
Ronald Reagan once held _______ office of president.
I’ve played _______fute ever since I was a child.
______ British love curry.
He’s ______ waiter.