Design of Engineering Experiments

Part 4 – Introduction to Factorials

• Text reference, Chapter 5
• General principles of factorial experiments
• The two-factor factorial with fixed effects
• The ANOVA for factorials
• Extensions to more than two factors
• Quantitative and qualitative factors –
response curves and surfaces

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 Some Basic Definitions

Definition of a factor effect: The change in the mean response

when the factor is changed from low to high
40  52 20  30
A  y A  y A    21
2 2
30  52 20  40
B  yB   yB     11
2 2
52  20 30  40
AB    1
2 2
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The Case of Interaction:

50  12 20  40
A  y A  y A   1
2 2
40  12 20  50
B  yB   yB     9
2 2
12  20 40  50
AB    29
2 2
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Regression Model & The Associated Response Surface

y   0  1 x1   2 x2  12 x1 x2  
The least squares fit is
yˆ  35.5  10.5 x1  5.5 x2  0.5 x1 x2  35.5  10.5 x1  5.5x2
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The Effect of Interaction on the Response Surface

Suppose that we add an interaction term to the model:

yˆ  35.5  10.5x1  5.5x2  8x1 x2

Interaction is actually a form of curvature

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Example 5-1 The Battery Life Experiment
Text reference pg. 165

A = Material type; B = Temperature (A quantitative variable)

1. What effects do material type & temperature have on life?
2. Is there a choice of material that would give long life regardless of
temperature (a robust product)?
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 The General Two-Factor
Factorial Experiment

a levels of factor A; b levels of factor B; n replicates

This is a completely randomized design
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Statistical (effects) model:
 i  1, 2,..., a

yijk     i   j  ( )ij   ijk  j  1, 2,..., b
k  1, 2,..., n

Other models (means model, regression models) can be useful
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 Extension of the ANOVA to Factorials
(Fixed Effects Case) – pg. 177
a b n a b

 ijk ...

( y  y )
i 1 j 1 k 1
2
 bn  i.. ...
( y  y ) 2

i 1
 an  . j. ...
( y  y ) 2

j 1
a b a b n
 n ( yij .  yi..  y. j .  y... )   ( yijk  yij . ) 2
2

i 1 j 1 i 1 j 1 k 1

SST  SS A  SS B  SS AB  SS E
df breakdown:
abn  1  a  1  b  1  (a  1)(b  1)  ab(n  1)

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 ANOVA Table – Fixed Effects Case

Design-Expert will perform the computations

Text gives details of manual computing (ugh!) –
see pp. 169 & 170
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Design-Expert Output – Example 5-1

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Residual Analysis – Example 5-1

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Residual Analysis – Example 5-1

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 Interaction Plot
DESIGN-EXPERT Plot Interaction Graph
Life A: Material
188

X = B: Temperature
Y = A: Material

A1 A1 146
A2 A2
A3 A3

Life
104

2
62
2

20

15 70 125

B: Tem perature

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 Quantitative and Qualitative Factors

• The basic ANOVA procedure treats every factor as if it

were qualitative
• Sometimes an experiment will involve both quantitative
and qualitative factors, such as in Example 5-1
• This can be accounted for in the analysis to produce
regression models for the quantitative factors at each level
(or combination of levels) of the qualitative factors
• These response curves and/or response surfaces are often
a considerable aid in practical interpretation of the results

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Quantitative and Qualitative Factors

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Quantitative and Qualitative Factors
A = Material type Candidate model
terms from Design-
B = Linear effect of Temperature
Expert:
B2 = Quadratic effect of Intercept
Temperature A
B
AB = Material type – TempLinear
B2
AB2 = Material type - TempQuad AB
B3
B3 = Cubic effect of
AB2
Temperature (Aliased)

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Regression Model Summary of Results

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Regression Model Summary of Results

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 Factorials with More Than
Two Factors
• Basic procedure is similar to the two-factor case; all
abc…kn treatment combinations are run in random
order
• ANOVA identity is also similar:
SST  SS A  SS B   SS AB  SS AC 
 SS ABC   SS AB K  SS E

• Complete three-factor example in text, Example 5-5

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