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PPISMP PK2 17/18 1

Articles
(words that define a noun
as specific or unspecific)

AN THE

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Types of article
Definite Indefinite
• Definite article is the word the • The indifinite article takes two
forms.
• It limits the meaning of a noun • It’s the word a when it precedes a
to one particular thing. word that begins with consonant.
• Definite article can be used • It’s the word an when it precedes
with singular, plural or a word that begins with a vowel.
uncountable nouns. • Indifinite article only appears
with singular nouns.
• Example : • Example:
1. Please give me the hammer. 1. Please hand me a book; any
2. Please give me the red book will do
hammer; the blue one is too 2. Please hand me an
autobiography; any
small autobiography will do.

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Exception!!!
Choosing A or An

 There are a few exception to the general rule of using a before


words that start with consonant and an before words that begin
with vowel.
 Example :
1. The first letter of the word honor, for example, is a consonant, but
it is unpronounced. In spite of it spelling the word honor begin
with a vowel sound. Therefore, we used an.
2. Similarly, when the first letter of a word is a vowel but it is
pronounced with a consonant sound, use a, as in the sample
sentence below:
She is a United States senator.

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Using articles with pronouns
• Possesive pronouns can help identify whether you’re talking about
specific or nonspecific items.
• As we have seen, article also indicate specificity but if you use both
a possesive pronouns and an article at the same tme, readers will
become confused.
• Possesive pronouns are words like his, my, our, its, her and their.
• Article should not be used with pronouns
• Example:
1. Why are you reading the my book?
The and my should not be used together since they are both meant to
modify the same noun. Instead, you should use one or the other,
depending on the intended meaning:
Why are you reading the book?
Why are you reading my book ?

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Subject
prounouns

PRONOUNS
(the distinguishing
Possesive characteristic of Object
pronouns pronouns is that pronouns
they can be
substituted for other
nouns )

Possesive
pronouns

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Subject pronouns Object Pronouns
• I • Me
• You • You
• He • Him
• She • Her
• It
• It
• Us
• We
• You
• You • them
• They

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Possesive Adjective Possesive Pronouns
• My • Mine
• Your • Yours
• His • His
• Her • Hers
• Its • Its
• Our • Ours
• Your • Yours
• Their • Theirs

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Demonstrative Pronouns
• A demonstrative pronoun stands in for a person, place or
thing and can function as a subject, an object or an object
of the preposition. Consider the following example:

• Original sentence: The dinner you are cooking smells


heavenly.

• Rewritten sentence: That smells heavenly.

• In the rewritten sentence, “that” is a demonstrative


pronoun and the subject of the sentence.

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• “This” and “that”
• “This” is a singular demonstrative pronoun that represents a thing or things that
are near in distance or time. It stands in for a noun in a sentence. Consider the
following examples:

• Example 1: This tastes scrumptious. (“This” is the subject.)

• Example 2: Carly, would you mail this? (“This” is the object.)

• Example 3: Does the wallpaper the decorator selected go with this? (“This” is the
object of the preposition.)

• “That” is a singular demonstrative pronoun that represents a thing or things that


are far in distance or time. Consider the following examples:

• Example 4: That should take some time to complete. (“That” is the subject.)

• Example 5: Felicia selected that. (“That” is the object.)

• Example 6: The boxes were stacked against that. (“That” is the object of the
preposition.)

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• “These” and “those”
• “These” is a plural demonstrative pronoun that represents a thing or things that are near in
distance or time. Consider the following examples:

• Example 1: These are the perfect earrings. (“These” is the subject.)

• Example 2: Can Bridget locate these by the deadline? (“These” is the object.)

• Example 3: Please read over these, and get back to me. (“These” is the object of the
preposition.)

• “Those” is a plural demonstrative pronoun that represents a thing or things that are far in
distance or time. Consider the following examples:

• Example 4: Those considering a career in architecture must study engineering. (“Those” is the
subject.)

• Example 5: Steven purchased those for the kids. (“Those” is the object.)

• Example 6: Sebastian can play with those. (“Those” is the object of the preposition.)
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Exercises on Articles
• I like blue T-shirt over there better than red one.

• Their car does 150 miles hour.

• Where's USB drive I lent you last week?

• Do you still live in Bristol?

• Is your mother working in old office building?

• Carol's father works as electrician.

• The tomatoes are 99 pence kilo.

• What do you usually have for breakfast?

• Ben has terrible headache.

• After this tour you have whole afternoon free to explore the city.
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Exercises on Pronouns

1. is dreaming. (George)
2. is green. (the blackboard)
3. are on the wall. (the posters)
4. This is not jacket, was blue. (I)
5. These two cats are . (we)
6. don't eat potatoes because don't
like . (they)
7. bought it for . (she)
8. is working on presentation. (she)

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Exercises on demonstrative pronouns
• Waiter, I'm sorry to say it but cake you have just served me
is awful.
• I met him two five hours ago morning.
• Look at kids playing in the garden over there; they're so
cute.
• Take one of files from that table.
• He was sitting on rocking chair he had bought from the flea
market.
• Many parents complain about children these days.
• Are you leaving weekend?
• The jeans you have bought today are better than you
bought last month.
• We used to do it differently in days

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POSSESSIVE DETERMINERS
Possesive adjectives – my, your, his, her, its, our, their –
modify the noun following it in order to show possesion.

Possesive determiners are different from possesive


pronouns – mine, his, hers, yours, ours, theirs.

POSSESIVE PRONOUNS POSSESIVE DETERMINERS


Possesive pronouns can stand Possesive determiners, on the
alone and are not followed by other hand, are followed by
nouns. nouns.

Example : Example :
Is that car yours? This is my house.

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PPISMP PK2 17/18 16
ANSWERS

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QUANTIFIERS
• Quantifiers are followed by nouns that they modify.
• Examples of the quantifiers are :
some, any, few, little, more, much, many, each, every, both, all,
enough, half, whole
• Quantifiers are commonly used before either countable or
uncountable nouns.

Examples :
He knows more people than his wife.
Little water in our bodies is an unhealthy thing.
Can I have some sugar?
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much vs many
Decide whether you have to use much or many:
1. We saw _____ animals at the zoo.
2. How _____ oranges did you put in the box?
3. There isn’t _____ sugar in my coffee.
4. I don’t have ______ friends.
The old man hasn’t got _____ hair on his head. Answers:
many
many
much
many
much

little vs less
Decide whether you have to use little or less:
1. You have to drink _______ coffee.
2. He has _______ money than I thought.
3. Tonight I drank _______ wine than last night.
4. She dedicates _______ time to her homework than to her
hobbies. Answers:
little
little
less
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less
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Distributive Determiners
Distributive determiners refer to a group of people or things, and to individual
members of the group. They show different ways of looking at the individuals
within a group, and they express how something is distributed, shared, or
divided.

USING DISTRIBUTIVES
Using "each" and "every"
-to talk about the members of a group as individuals

Using "all“
- to talk about the whole group

Using "half"
-to talk about a divided group

Using "both“, "either“, and "neither“


-to talk about pairs of people or things
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Pre-determiners
• Pre-determiners are normally placed before an indefinite
article + adjective + noun to express an opinion about the
noun they modify.

Such and what - to express surprise or other emotions.


Example : a) She's such a beautiful woman.
b) I've had such a good time today!

Rather and quite - are commenting words, referring to the


degree of a particular quality as expressed by the adjective
that modifies the noun. They can express disappointment,
pleasure, or other emotions depending on the adjective in
question.
Example : a) It's rather a small car.
b) It was quite a nice day.
Exercise 2 - Determiners all, each, every, few, little,
etc.
Choose the correct answer.

1) They were bored because there was _____ to do.


2) We invited _____ friends over to our house for a
barbecue.
3) _____ of the cakes had been baked the day
before.
4) Sally didn't take _____ photos when she went on
holiday.
5) The teacher gave ______ of the students a piece
of paper.
6) I like many of her songs, but not ______ of them
are good.

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