IMT-2000

• IMT-2000 stands for

IMT: International Mobile Communications
2000: the frequency range of 2000 MHz and the year 2000

• In total, 17 proposals for different IMT-2000 standards were submitted by

regional SDOs to ITU in 1998. 11 proposals for terrestrial systems and 6 for
mobile satellite systems (MSSs).

• All 3G standards have been developed by regional standard developing

organizations (SDOs).

• Evaluation of the proposals was completed in 1998, and negotiations to build a

consensus among different views were completed in mid 1999. All 17 proposals
have been accepted by ITU as IMT-2000 standards. The specification for the
1
Radio Transmission Technology (RTT) was released at the end of 1999.
 IMT-2000

• The (IMT-2000), consists of 3 operating modes based on Code

Division Multiple Access (CDMA) technology.

• 3G CDMA modes are most commonly known as:

– CDMA2000,
– WCDMA (called UMTS) and
– TD-SCDMA
(Time Division-Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access)

2
High-Speed Packet Data Services

• 2 Mbps in fixed or in-building environments (very

short distances, in the order of metres)

• 384 kbps in pedestrian or urban environments

• 144 kbps in wide area mobile environments

• Variable data rates in large geographic area systems

(satellite)

3
4
 Network Elements from UMTS

UMTS differs from GSM Phase 2+ (GSM +GPRS) mostly in the new
principles for the air interface transmission
WCDMA instead of TDMA/FDMA
Therefore a new RAN (Radio Access Network) called:
UTRAN (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network)
must be introduced with UMTS
Only minor modifications are needed in the CN (Core Network) to
accommodate the change

5
UTRA: UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access
The most significant change in REL. ´99 was the “UTRAN”,
a W-CDMA radio interface for land-based communications.
UTRAN supports time (TDD) and frequency division duplex (FDD).
The TDD mode is optimized for public micro and pico cells and
unlicensed cordless applications.
The FDD mode is optimized for wide-area coverage, i.e. public
macro and micro cells.
Both modes offer flexible and dynamic data rates up to 2 Mbps.

6
 UMTS architecture
UTRAN (UTRA NETWORK)
• Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)

UE (User Equipment)
CN (Core Network)

Uu Iu
UE UTRAN CN

7
UTRAN Two new network elements
are introduced in UTRAN

• RNC
• Node B

UTRAN is subdivided
into individual radio
network systems (RNSs),
where each RNS is
controlled by an RNC.
The RNC is connected to
a set of Node B elements,
each of which can serve
one or several cells.
8
 UTRAN architecture
RNS RNC: Radio Network Controller
RNS: Radio Network Subsystem
UE1 Node B Iub Iu
RNC CN
UE2
Node B UTRAN comprises several RNSs

UE3
Node B can support FDD or TDD
or both
Iur
Node B
Iub RNC is responsible for handover
Node B decisions requiring signaling to the
RNC
UE
Node B
Cell offers FDD or TDD
RNS
 UTRAN functions
• Admission control
• Congestion control
• Radio channel encryption
• Handover
• Radio network configuration
• Channel quality measurements
• Radio resource control
• Data transmission over the radio interface
• Outer loop power control (FDD and TDD)
• Channel coding

10
 Core network
The Core Network (CN) and the Interface Iu, are separated into two logical domains:

Circuit Switched Domain (CSD) Packet Switched Domain (PSD)

• Circuit switched service incl. signaling • GPRS components (SGSN, GGSN)
• Resource reservation at connection setup • IuPS
• GSM components (MSC, GMSC, VLR)
• IuCS

VLR
BTS BSS
Abis Iu
BSC MSC GMSC
PSTN
Node
BTSB
IuCS
AuC
EIR HLR
GR
Node B
Iub
Node B
RNC SGSN GGSN
Gn Gi
Node B IuPS
RNS CN
 Access method CDMA

•CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)

– all terminals send on the same frequency probably at
the same time and can use the whole bandwidth of
the transmission channel
– each sender has a unique random number, the
sender XORs the signal with this pseudo random
number
– the receiver can “tune” into this signal if it knows the
pseudo random number, tuning is done via a
correlation function
 Spreading and scrambling of user data

• Constant chip rate of 3.84 Mchip/s

• Different user data rates supported via different spreading factors

– higher data rate: less chips per bit and vice versa

• User separation via unique, quasi orthogonal scrambling codes

– users are not separated via orthogonal spreading codes
– much simpler management of codes: each mobile can use the
same orthogonal spreading codes

data1 data2 data3 data4 data5

spr. spr. spr. spr. spr.

code1 code2 code3 code1 code4

scrambling scrambling
code1 code2

sender1 sender2
 1
Length
Ri

Length
1
1 Rc

Ri  Rc SPREADING FACTOR
1 Ri
Rc
DS-CDMA= Direct Sequence Code Division Multiple Access
3.84 Mchip/s
 CDMA in theory

• Sender A
– sends Ad = 1, key Ak = 010011 (assign: „0“= -1, „1“= +1)
– sending signal As = Ad * Ak = (-1, +1, -1, -1, +1, +1)
• Sender B
– sends Bd = 0, key Bk = 110101 (assign: „0“= -1, „1“= +1)
– sending signal Bs = Bd * Bk = (-1, -1, +1, -1, +1, -1)
• Both signals superimpose in space
– interference neglected (noise etc.)
– As + Bs = (-2, 0, 0, -2, +2, 0)
• Receiver wants to receive signal from sender A
– apply key Ak bitwise (inner product)
Ae = (-2, 0, 0, -2, +2, 0)  Ak
(-2, 0, 0, -2, +2, 0)  (-1, +1, -1, -1, +1, +1)= 2 + 0 + 0 + 2 + 2 + 0 = 6
• result greater than 0, therefore, original bit was „1“
– receiving B
Be = (-2, 0, 0, -2, 2, 0)  Bk
( -2, 0, 0,- 2,- 2, 0)  (1, 1, -1, +1, -1, +1) = -6, i.e. „0“
 CDMA on signal level I
data A
1 0 1 Ad
key A
key
sequence A 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 Ak
data  key 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0

signal A As

Here the binary ”0” is assigned a positive value,

The binary ”1” a negative value!

Real systems use much longer keys resulting in a larger distance

between single code words in code space.
 CDMA on signal level II
+1
signal A
-1 As

data B 1 0 0 Bd

key B
key 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 Bk
sequence B
data  key
1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1
+1
signal B
Bs
-1
+2
0
As + Bs
-2
 CDMA on signal level III
data A
1 0 1 Ad
+2
As + Bs 0
-2

1
Ak
-1
+2

(As + Bs) 0
* Ak -2

integrator
output
comparator 1 0 1
output
 CDMA on signal level IV
data B
1 0 0 Bd

As + Bs

Bk

(As + Bs)
* Bk

integrator
output
comparator 1 0 0
output
 CDMA on signal level V
+2
As + Bs
0

-2

wrong
key K

+2
(As + Bs)
0
*K
-2

integrator
output
comparator
output (0) (0) ?
 OSVF coding
Ortogonal Variable Spreading Factor Codes
1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1
1,1,1,1 ...
Recursive rule 1,1,1,1,-1,-1,-1,-1
1,1
1,1,-1,-1,1,1,-1,-1
1,1,-1,-1 ...
X,X
1,1,-1,-1,-1,-1,1,1
X 1
1,-1,1,-1,1,-1,1,-1
X,-X 1,-1,1,-1 ...
1,-1,1,-1,-1,1,-1,1
SF=n SF=2n 1,-1
1,-1,-1,1,1,-1,-1,1
1,-1,-1,1 ...
1,-1,-1,1,-1,1,1,-1

SF=1 SF=2 SF=4 SF=8

Support of mobility: • Multicasting of data via
macro diversity several physical
channels
– Enables soft handover
– FDD mode only
• Uplink
UE Node B
– simultaneous reception
of UE data at several
Node Bs
Node B RNC CN
• Downlink
– Simultaneous
transmission of data via
different cells
 Transmit Power Control is essential

Near – far problem

despreading
MS
MS Node B

Power control

despreading

MS MS Node B

Transmit Minimize More Increase

Power Control the Tx power secure the system capacity
 Frequency Allocation

FDMA / TDMA CDMA

f1 f1 f1 f1
f2 f2 f1 f1
f3 f3 f1 f1
f1 f1 f1 f1 f1 f1
f2 f2 f2 f1 f1 f1
f3 f3 f3 f1 f1 f1
f1 f1 f1 f1
f2 f2 f1 f1
f3 f3 f1 f1

A case of 3 cell repetitions Same frequency in all cells.

27
 UMTS protocol stacks (user plane)

UE Uu UTRAN IuCS 3G
apps. & MSC
protocols
Circuit RLC
RLC SAR
SAR
switched MAC MAC AAL2 AAL2

radio radio ATM ATM

UE Uu UTRAN IuPS 3G Gn 3G
apps. &
protocols SGSN GGSN
IP, PPP, IP tunnel IP, PPP,
… …
Packet PDCP GTP
PDCP GTP GTP GTP
switched RLC RLC UDP/IP UDP/IP UDP/IP UDP/IP
MAC MAC AAL5 AAL5 L2 L2
radio radio ATM ATM L1 L1
 EDGE
Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution

• ECSD - Enhanced CSD (Circuit Switched Data)

• EGPRS - Enhanced GPRS
• For higher data rates
• New coding and modulation schemes
• The base stations need to be up dated
• EGPRS up to 384 kbps (48 kbps per time slot)
• ECSD 28.8 kbps

29
Modulation

30
 The Beauty Contest
Ten companies asked for one out of four licences

Licences were given to

• Vodaphone
• Tele2
• Hi3G
• Orange

31
The incumbent, Telia, was not given a licence!!!
 UMTS in Sweden
The licensees have to cover 8 860 000 inhabitants.
Two joint ventures:

Svenska UMTS nät - Tele2 and Telia

Telia and Tele2 have established a joint venture, Svenska UMTS nät,
with a common 3G network.

3GIS – Telenor and 3*

To meet the regulatory requirements, Telenor and 3 has build individual
networks, and each has to cover 30% of the population.
Telenor and 3 have established a joint venture, 3G Infrastructure Services
(3GIS) with a common shared network. This network covers
approximately 70% of the population.

32
Björkdahl & Bohlin
 Network coverage
Theoretically it is possible to cover 8 860 000 inhabitants by covering
20 400 km² of Sweden’s surface area. (Swedish total area is 411 000 km².)
Theoretical level corresponds to a coverage of 5% of the Swedish area.

In practice, it seems reasonable that the operators will aim for a total
coverage of around 170 000 km². This corresponds to a coverage of 41%
of the Swedish surface area.

The operators will be able to cover all urban areas and 84% of the
inhabitants by covering around 11 000 km². This corresponds to a
coverage of 2.7% of the Swedish surface area.

33
 Investment for an average operator
Comparing
Germany, United Kingdom and Sweden

The table shows the average 3G investment per capita per year, including
applicable license fees, in Sweden, Germany and the UK for an average
operator in each country, for the entire license duration.

7.5 USD
6.2 USD
3.8 USD

1 USD = 8 SEK 34
 Summary of main findings

•The average 3G network investment per operator is

estimated to be SEK 6.1 billion.

•The total 3G network investment in Sweden is estimated

to be SEK 24 billion.

•If the Swedish joint ventures co-operate in rural areas the

total 3G network investment is estimated to be SEK 19
billion.

35
End of Chapter

36