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Networking can be defined

simply as an interconnection
of two or more computers
 
  

   

— i aring of files
T e file from one computer can be s ared to anot er
computer
— i aring of resources.
In a office scenario network printers are t e most
cost effective s aring of resource. Instead of giving
eac and every person wit a printer, a printer can be
s ared by 4 to 5 persons
— Data i aring
T e data available centrally can be s ared by all
officials t roug networking
— Users communicate wit eac ot er
   
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— 3ideo conferencing
T is is also a part of communication in w ic t e picture
and voice can also be transmitted to t e ot er computer.
— Entertainment, distributed games
— Commerce
Ticket booking, Purc ase of articles and banking
— Centralized Computing
— iaving Time and Money
— Improving iecurity
— Managing Tasks and Application
 
   
—itar

—Ring

—Bus

—Tree
x   
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— At a time only one ost(computer) (Node) can

send messages
— Passive topology, Hosts on t e bus are not
responsible for moving data
— Failure of any ost does not affect t e Network
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Factors affecting performance

— Number of osts on t e network
— Hardware capability of osts
— Frequency of Data Transfer
— Types of cables used
— Distance between osts
   
   

— Ring: iimilar to a bus network, rings ave

nodes daisy c ained, but t e end of t e
network in a ring topology comes back around
to t e first node, creating a complete circuit.
— Eac node takes a turn sending and receiving
information t roug t e use of a token.
— Only t e node olding t e token can transmit
   

— T e token along wit any data is sent from t e

first node to t e second node w ic extracts
t e data addressed to it and adds any data it
wis es to send. T en second node passes t e
token and data to t e t ird node, etc. until it
comes back around to t e first node again.
Only t e node wit t e token is allowed to send
data . All ot er nodes must wait for t e token to
come to t em.
   
   
— In a star network, eac node is connected to a
central device called a ub.
— T e ub takes a signal t at comes from any
node and passes it along to all t e ot er nodes
in t e network
— A ub does not perform any type of filtering or
routing of t e data
— A ub is a junction t at joins all t e different
nodes toget er
   
   m 

—T e ub A, B & C are connected in

Bus Topology
— At eac ub (A,B,C) nodes are
connected in itar Topology
xm m

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— Communications ² activity associated wit
distributing or exc anging information
— Today it, involves
Data: digital and analog
3oice: spoken word
3ideo: telelcommunication imaging
 m

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— Must ave a message

— Message must ave a transmitter

— Message must ave a medium

— Message must be understood

— Message must ave some level of security


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— Data transfer
— IP Address

— Data is transmitted in packet form

— Type of iwitc ing take place is packet

iwitc ing
— C annel capacity = maximum data rate for a
c annel

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— Nyquist T eorem
Bandwidt = W
Data rate = 2 W ( for binary signals)
Bilevel Encoding
Data rate = 2 x Bandwidt
Multilevel Encoding
Data rate = 2 x Bandwidt x log2M
For example if M = 4, Capacity = 4 x Bandwidt

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— i annon·s T eorem
Maximum number of bits/sec = W log2 (1+i/N)
For telep one line : i/N = 30 dB, W = 3K
Capacity = 30Kbps
xm
 


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— Medium is t e p ysical pat between
transmitter and receiver in a data transmission
system
— Guided Medium: waves are guided along a
solid medium pat (twisted pair, coaxial cable,
and optical fiber).
— Unguided medium: waves are propagated
t roug t e atmosp ere and inner/outerspace
(satellite, laser, and wireless transmissions).


 
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— Conductive: twisted pairs and coaxial cables

— Electromagnetic: microwave

— Lig t: lasers and optical fibers

— Wireless ² inner/outer space; satellite

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— Widely installed for use in business and

corporation et ernet and ot er types of LANs.
— Consists of inter copper insulator covered by
cladding material, and t en covered by an outer
jacket
mm 

- Inner conductor is solid copper metal

- ieparated by insulating material
- Outer conductor is braided s ielded (ground)
- Covered by s eat material
m  mx
— Applications:
T3 distribution (cable tv); long distance telep one transmission; s ort run
computer system links
Local area networks
— Transmission c aracteristics:
Can transmit analog and digital signals
Usable spectrum for analog signaling is about 400 M z
Amplifier needed for analog signals for less t an 1 Km and less distance for
ig er frequency
Repeater needed for digital signals every Km or less distance for ig er data
rates
Operation of 100·s Mb/s over 1 Km
 mx
— P ysical description:
Eac wire wit copper conductor
ieparately insulated wires
Twisted toget er to reduce cross talk
Often bundled into cables of two or four twisted pairs
If enclosed in a s eat t en is s ielded twisted pair (iTP) ot erwise often for
ome usage uns ielded twisted pair (UTP). Must be s ield from voltage lines
— Application:
Common in building for digital signaling used at speed of 10·s Mb/s (CAT3) and
100Mb/s (CAT5) over 100s meters.
Common for telep one interconnection at ome and office buildings
Less expensive medium; limited in distance, bandwidt , and data rate.
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— P ysical Description:
Glass or plastic core of optical fiber = 2to125 µm
Cladding is an insulating material
Jacket is a protective cover
Laser or lig t emitting diode provides transmission lig t source
— Applications:
Long distance telecommunication
Greater capacity; 2 Gb/s over 10·s of Km
imaller size and lig ter weig t
Lower attenuation (reduction in strengt of signal)
Electromagnetic isolation ² not effected by external
electromagnetic environment. Aka more privacy
Greater repeater spacing ² fewer repeaters, reduces line
regeneration cost
 mx
— multimode fiber is optical fiber t at is designed to
carry multiple lig t rays or modes concurrently,
eac at a slig tly different reflection angle wit in
t e optical fiber core. used for relatively s ort
distances because t e modes tend to disperse
over longer lengt s (t is is called modal
dispersion) .
— For longer distances, single mode fiber
(sometimes called monomode) fiber is used. In
single mode fiber a single ray or mode of lig t act
as a carrier
 
 
— Frequency range (line of sig t):
26 GHz to 40 GHz: for microwave wit ig ly directional
beam as possible
30 MHz to 1 GHz: for omnidirectional applications
300MHz to 20000 GHz: for infrared spectrum; used for
point to point and multiple point application (line of sig t)
— P ysical applications:
Terrestrial microwave ² long aul telecommunication service
(alternative to coaxial or optical fiber)
Few amplifier and repeaters
Propagation via towers located wit out blockage from trees,
etc (towers less t an 60 miles apart)
 
 
— iatellite is a microwave relay station
— Geostationary orbit (22,000 miles) and low orbit (12000 miles)
— iatellite ground stations are aligned to t e space satellite,
establis es a link, broadcast at a specified frequency. Ground
station normally operate at a number of frequencies ² full
duplex
— iatellite space antenna is aligned to t e ground station
establis es a link and transmits at t e specified frequency.
iatellite are capable of transmitting at multiple frequencies
simultaneously, full duplex.
— To avoid satellites from interfering wit eac ot er, a 4 degree
separation is required for 4/6 GHz band and 3 degree for
12/14 GHz band. Limited to 90 satellites.
— Disadv: not satellite repair capability; greater delay and
attenuation problems.
 

— Wireless LAN
— HiperLAN (European standard; allow
communication at up to 20 Mbps in 5 GHz
range of t e radio frquency (RF) spectrum.
— HiperLAN/2 operate at about 54 Mbps in t e
same RF band.
  

—LocalArea Network ( LAN)

—Wide Area Network ( WAN)

—Metropolitan Network (MAN)

 m 


—A network confined to single

location e.g one building or one
complex
— Used for s aring
Hardware e.g. printers
ioftware
Data
— Maximum distance limited by iignal
strengt
  
 
—A Network spread over wide areas
suc as across cities, states or
countries
— Hig speed date lines used to
connect LANs in separate
geograp ical locations
— Communication using telep one
lines, satellite or Microwave links

   



—A network t at covers an entire

city
—Usually cable is signal carrier
5
  

— ierver ² Win NT/2000/2003, Unix/Linux, Netware
— Client ² Win XP, Win NT/2000, Linux, DOi
— NIC ² Et ernet
— Transmission Media ² Twisted pair, Coaxial Cables,
Fiber Optics
— Topology ² Bus, Ring, itar, Tree
— Protocol ² TCP/IP
— Interconnection devices ² Hub, iwitc , Router,
Bridge, Gateway