TFC ch16 Lect

ninth edition TORTORA  FUNKE  CASE
MICROBIOLOGY
an introduction
16 Innate Immunity:
Nonspecific Defenses
of the Host
PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Christine L. Case

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Nonspecific Defenses of the Host
 Susceptibility: Lack of resistance to a disease.

 Immunity: Ability to ward off disease.
 Innate immunity: Defenses against any pathogen.
 Adaptive immunity: Immunity, resistance to a specific
pathogen.

Host Defenses
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 16.1
Physical Factors
 Skin
 Epidermis consists of tightly packed cells with
 Keratin, a protective protein

Physical Factors
 Mucous membranes
 Ciliary escalator:
Microbes trapped in mucus
are transported away from
the lungs.
 Lacrimal apparatus:
Washes eye.
 Saliva: Washes microbes off.
 Urine: Flows out.
 Vaginal secretions: Flow out.
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 16.4a
Chemical Factors
 Fungistatic fatty acid in sebum.

 Low pH (3-5) of skin.
 Lysozyme in perspiration, tears, saliva, and tissue
fluids.
 Low pH (1.2-3.0) of gastric juice.
 Transferrins in blood find iron.
 NO inhibits ATP production.

Normal Microbiota
 Microbial antagonism/competitive exclusion: Normal

microbiota compete with pathogens.

Formed Elements in Blood
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 16.1 (1 of 2)
Formed Elements in Blood
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 16.1 (2 of 2)
Differential White Cell Count
 Percentage of each type of white cell in a sample of

100 white blood cells.
Neutrophils 60-70%
Basophils 0.5-1%
Eosinophils 2-4%
Monocytes 3-8%
Lymphocytes 20-25%

White Blood Cells
 Neutrophils: Phagocytic
 Basophils: Produce histamine
 Eosinophils: Toxic to parasites and some phagocytosis
 Dendritic cells: Initiate adaptive immune response
 Monocytes: Phagocytic as mature macrophages
 Fixed macrophages in lungs, liver, and bronchi
 Wandering macrophages roam tissues.
 Lymphocytes: Involved in specific immunity.
PLAY Animation: Host Defenses

Phagocytosis
 Phago: from Greek,

meaning eat
 Cyte: from Greek,
meaning cell
 Ingestion of microbes
or particles by a cell,
performed by
phagocytes.
Phagocytosis
Microbial Evasion of Phagocytosis
Inhibit adherence: M protein, Streptococcus pyogenes, S. pneumoniae

capsules
Kill phagocytes: Leukocidins Staphylococcus aureus
Lyse phagocytes: Membrane Listeriamonocytogenes

attack complex
Escape phagosome Shigella
Prevent phagosome-lysosome HIV

fusion
Survive in phagolysosome Coxiella burnetti
PLAY Animation: Phagocytosis

Inflammation
 Redness
 Pain
 Heat
 Swelling (edema)
 Acute-phase proteins activated (complement, cytokine,
and kinins)
 Vasodilation (histamine, kinins, prostaglandins, and
leukotrienes)
 Margination and emigration of WBCs
 Tissue repair
Chemicals Released by Damaged Cells
Histamine Vasodilation, increased permeability

of blood vessels
Kinins Vasodilation, increased permeability
of blood vessels
Prostaglandins Intensity histamine and kinin effect
Leukotrienes Increased permeability of blood vessels,

phagocytic attachment

Inflammation
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 16.8a–b
Inflammation
PLAY Animation: Inflammation

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 16.8c–d
Fever: Abnormally High Body Temperature
 Hypothalamus normally set at 37°C.

 Gram-negative endotoxin cause phagocytes to release
interleukin–1 (IL–1).
 Hypothalamus releases prostaglandins that reset the
hypothalamus to a high temperature.
 Body increases rate of metabolism and shivering which
raise temperature.
 When IL–1 is eliminated, body temperature falls (crisis).

Fever
 Advantages  Disadvantages
 Increase transferrins  Tachycardia
 Increase IL–1 activity  Acidosis
 Dehydration

The Complement System
 Serum proteins
activated in a
cascade.
Effects of Complement Activation
 Opsonization or
immune adherence:
Enhanced
phagocytosis.
 Membrane attack
complex: Cytolysis.
 Attract phagocytes.
Effects of Complement Activation
Classical Pathway
Alternative Pathway
Lectin Pathway
Some Bacteria Evade Complement
 Capsules prevent C activation.

 Surface lipid-carbohydrates prevent MAC formation.
 Enzymatic digestion of C5a.
PLAY Animation: The Complement System

Interferons (IFNs)
 Alpha IFN and Beta IFN: Cause cells to produce

antiviral proteins that inhibit viral replication.
 Gamma IFN: Causes neutrophils and macrophages
to phagocytize bacteria.

Interferons (IFNs)
Innate Immunity
 Transferrins  Antimicrobial peptides

 Bind serum iron  Lyse bacterial cells

TFC ch16 Lect

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ninth edition TORTORA  FUNKE  CASE

PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Christine L. Case

 Susceptibility: Lack of resistance to a disease.

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Fungistatic fatty acid in sebum.

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Microbial antagonism/competitive exclusion: Normal

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Percentage of each type of white cell in a sample of

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

PLAY Animation: Host Defenses

 Phago: from Greek,

Inhibit adherence: M protein, Streptococcus pyogenes, S. pneumoniae

Lyse phagocytes: Membrane Listeriamonocytogenes

Prevent phagosome-lysosome HIV

PLAY Animation: Phagocytosis

Histamine Vasodilation, increased permeability

Leukotrienes Increased permeability of blood vessels,

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

PLAY Animation: Inflammation

 Hypothalamus normally set at 37°C.

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Capsules prevent C activation.

PLAY Animation: The Complement System

 Alpha IFN and Beta IFN: Cause cells to produce

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Transferrins  Antimicrobial peptides

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

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