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Concentrated or dilute?
Do you like “strong” or “weak” coffee?
Concentration of solutions
In order to standardise the volume of the solution,
chemists use 1 dm3 as the unit for measurement.
Concentration of solutions
Concentrations can be expressed in two ways as:
grams/dm3 or g/dm3
moles/dm3 or mol/dm3
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Chapter 6
Concentration of Solutions and Volumetric Analysis
The concentration of the solution is also equal to: 1 mol/dm3 (or 1 M).
The number of moles per dm3 of a solution is also called the molarity of
the solution.
Chapter 6
Concentration of Solutions and Volumetric Analysis
Formulae
Concentration = Mass of solute in grams
in g/dm3 Volume of solution in dm3
Concentration of solutions
Worked example 1
A solution of sodium chloride is made by dissolving 11.7 g of sodium chloride in 500 cm3
of the solution. Find the concentration of the solution in (a) g/dm3, (b) mol/dm3.
Solution
Volume of solution = 500 cm3 = 500 = 0.5 dm3
1000
(a) Concentration = Mass in grams
Volume in dm3
= 11.7 g = 23.4 g/dm3
0.5 dm3
(b) No. of moles = 11.7 g = 11.7 = 0.2 mol
Mr of NaCl 58.5
Concentration = No. of moles
Volume in dm3
= 0.2 mol = 0.4 mol/dm3
0.5 dm3
Chapter 6
Concentration of Solutions and Volumetric Analysis
Concentration of solutions
Worked example 2
A solution of magnesium chloride has a concentration of 23.75 g/dm3.
(a) What is the concentration of the solution in mol/dm3?
(b) If 200 cm3 of the solution is evaporated to dryness, what
mass of salt can be obtained?
Solution
(a) Number of moles of MgCl2 in 1 dm3 = 23 g/dm3 = 23.75 = 0.25 mol
Mr of MgCl2 95
Concentration of solutions
Worked example 3
A solution of sulphuric acid has a concentration of 0.25 mol/dm3
(a) What is the concentration of the solution in g/dm3 ?
(b) What mass of acid will be contained in 250 cm3 of the solution?
Solution
Mass of H2SO4 = 0.25 mol x Mr = 0.25 x 98 g = 24.5 g
(a) Concentration = Mass in grams
Volume in dm3
= 24.5 g = 24.5 g/dm3
1 dm3
(b) Mass of acid = Concentration x Volume of solution
= 24.5 g/dm3 x 250 dm3
1000
= 6.125 g
Chapter 6
Concentration of Solutions and Volumetric Analysis
Concentration of solutions
Worked example 4
25 cm3 of a solution of sulphuric acid of concentration 0.400 mol/dm3 is
neutralised with a solution of sodium hydroxide of concentration 0.625 mol/dm3.
What is the volume of sodium hydroxide solution required?
Solution
Equation of reaction: H2SO4 + 2NaOH Na2SO4 + 2H2O
From the equation, No. of moles of H2SO4 = 1
No. of moles of NaOH 2
Vol. of H2SO4 x Conc. of H2SO4 = 1
Vol. of NaOH x Conc. of NaOH 2
0.025 dm3 x 0.400 mol/dm3 = 1
Vol. of NaOH x 0.625 mol/dm3 2
Vol. of NaOH = 2 x 0.025 x 0.400 = 0.032 dm3
0.625
= 32 cm3
Chapter 6
Concentration of Solutions and Volumetric Analysis
Quick check
1. A solution of calcium chloride (CaCl2) contains 37 g of the salt in 250 cm3 of
the solution. Find the concentration of the solution in
(a) g/dm3, (b) mol/dm3.
2. 500 cm3 of a solution of sodium nitrate contains 14.7 g of the salt.
(a) Find the concentration of the solution in mol/dm3.
(b) If 100 cm3 of the solution is evaporated, how much salt can be obtained?
3. A solution of magnesium sulphate has a concentration of 0.25 mol/dm3.
(a) What is the concentration of the solution in g/dm3?
(b) What mass of magnesium sulphate is contained in 250 cm3 of the
solution?
4. A solution of nitric acid has an unknown concentration. 25.0 cm3 of the acid
is completely neutralised by 22.5 cm3 of potassium hydroxide solution of
concentration 0.485 mol/dm3. What is the concentration of the nitric acid?
Solution
Chapter 6
Concentration of Solutions and Volumetric Analysis
1. http://www.ausetute.com.au/concsols.html
2. http://dl.clackamas.edu/ch105-04/tableof.htm
3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentration
Chapter 6
Concentration of Solutions and Volumetric Analysis
Introduction
Volumetric Analysis or VA is a method of finding out
the quantity of substance present in a solid or solution.
It usually involves titrating a known solution, called a
standard solution, with an unknown solution.
Based on the equation of reaction, calculations are
then made to find out the concentration of the
unknown solution.
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Chapter 6
Concentration of Solutions and Volumetric Analysis
Using a pipette
A pipette is used to deliver an exact volume, usually
25.0 cm3 of solution into a conical flask.
The solution in the titrating flask is called the titrate.
Before using a pipette, it should be washed with tap
water, then rinsed with distilled water and finally with
the liquid it is to be filled.
For safety reasons, a pipette filler is used to suck up
the solution.
To use the pipette filler, first fit it to the top of the
pipette, as shown in the diagram.
Squeeze valve 1 with right index finger and thumb
and squeeze the bulb with the left palm to expel all
the air in the bulb.
Then place the tip of the pipette below the surface of
the liquid to be sucked up, and squeeze valve 2 to
suck up the liquid.
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Chapter 6
Concentration of Solutions and Volumetric Analysis
Using a pipette
When the liquid rises to a level higher than the
mark, remove the tip of the pipette from the
liquid.
Gently squeeze valve 3 to release the liquid
slowly until the meniscus of the liquid is
exactly at the mark of the pipette.
Now place the tip of the pipette into the
titration flask, and squeeze valve 3 to release
all the liquid into the flask.
When all the liquid in the pipette has run out,
touch the tip of the pipette on the inside of the
flask so that only a drop of liquid is left inside
the tip of the pipette.
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Chapter 6
Concentration of Solutions and Volumetric Analysis
Using a burette
A burette is used to contain and measure the volume
of the liquid, called the titrant used in the titration.
Before using a burette, it should be washed first with
tap water, then rinsed with distilled water and finally
with the liquid (titrant) it is to be filled.
The liquid (titrant) in the burette must be released
slowly, a few drops at a time, into the titration flask.
The readings must be taken accurate to 0.1 cm3. E.g.
24.0 cm3, not 24 cm3.
Make sure that the clip of the burette is tight and the
liquid is not leaking.
Also make sure that the burette jet is filled with liquid,
it must not contain any air bubbles.
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Chapter 6
Concentration of Solutions and Volumetric Analysis
Using a burette
The burette should be clamped
to the retort stand in a vertical
position so that the reading will
be accurate.
When reading the burette, the
eye must be horizontal to the
bottom of meniscus to avoid
parallax error. (See diagram).
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Chapter 6
Concentration of Solutions and Volumetric Analysis
Use of Indicators
Indicator Colour in Colour at end Colour in alkalis
acids point
22
Chapter 6
Concentration of Solutions and Volumetric Analysis
Titration readings
In a normal titration, candidates are usually advised to carry out at least one
rough and two accurate titrations.
You should record your readings in a table like this.
Titration number 1 2 3 4
Final burette reading
25.2 24.8 33.3 24.9
/cm3
Initial burette reading
0.0 0.0 7.4 0.1
/cm3
Volume of NaOH used
25.2 24.8 25.9 24.8
/cm3
Best titration results (√) √ √
In general, you should carry out as many titrations as needed to obtain two
or more consistent volumes.
If no consistent volumes are obtained, the average value should be
calculated.
23
Chapter 6
Concentration of Solutions and Volumetric Analysis
24
Chapter 6
Concentration of Solutions and Volumetric Analysis
Results
Suppose the following readings are obtained:
Titration number 1 2 3 4
Final burette reading
25.2 24.8 33.3 24.9
/cm3
Initial burette reading
0.0 0.0 7.4 0.1
/cm3
Volume of NaOH used
25.2 24.8 25.9 24.8
/cm3
Best titration results (√) √ √
25
Chapter 6
Concentration of Solutions and Volumetric Analysis
Acid-base titration
In general if x moles of an acid reacts with y moles of a base, then
No. of moles of acid = x
No. of moles of base y
Vol. of acid x Conc. of acid = x
Vol. of base x Conc. of base y
Introduction:
Oxidising agents can be titrated with reducing agents. Hydrogen
peroxide is a reducing agent and can be titrated against acidified
potassium manganate(VII), an oxidising agent.
Quick Check
1. After washing the pipette, it should be rinsed with ________.
(A) distilled water (B) the titrate
(C) the titrant (D) tap water
2. After washing the titration flask, it should be rinsed with ________.
(A) distilled water (B) the titrate
(C) the titrant (D) tap water
3. After washing the burette, it should be rinsed with ________.
(A) distilled water (B) the titrate
(C) the titrant (D) tap water
4. A titration flask contains 25.0 cm3 of sodium hydroxide and a few drops of
phenolphthalein as indicator. It is titrated against hydrochloric acid contained
in a burette. What colour change would you observe when the end point is
reached?
(A) colourless to light pink (B) light pink to colourless
(C) red to colourless (D) blue to pink
Solution33
Chapter 6
Concentration of Solutions and Volumetric Analysis
Quick Check
25.0 cm3 samples of sodium hydroxide solution are titrated against hydrochloric
acid which has a concentration of 0.225 mol/dm3.
The results obtained are shown in the table below.
Titration No. 1 2 3 4
Final burette reading/ cm3 24.4 48.9 23.6 48.0
Initial burette reading/ cm3 0.0 24.4 0.0 23.6
Volume of HCl/ cm3
Best titration result (√)
Solution34
Chapter 6
Concentration of Solutions and Volumetric Analysis
35
Chapter 6
Concentration of Solutions and Volumetric Analysis