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Department of Mathematics
Mathematics 01
MTU 07101
respect to another
i). Differentiation
ii). Integration
Differential calculus
Is the study of
a) Derivative (rate of change of one quantity with
respect to another)
b) Motion of objects in space e.g. Velocity and
acceleration
c) Marginal concepts in economy
d) The growth or decay of Biological population
e) Curve sketching and finding Maximum and
minimum values of functions
Differentiation
f x h f(x)
f (x) lim
h 0 h
Rules of Differentiation
• There some rules or derivative formula used for
differentiation of functions
The derivative of Constant function
If f is a function such that f(x) c , then
d
(f(x)) 0
dx
derivative of constant is zero.
Example
Find the derivative of the following constant
functions
i) f(x) 5 ii). f(x) c
Solution
d d
i) f(x) 5 , dx
(5) 0 ii). f(x) c , (c) 0
dx
The derivative of x to a power
If f is a function such that f(x) x , then
n
f (x) nx n 1
but n 0
The derivative of x to a power n is the exponent
times x to the next lower power
Example: Find the derivative of functions
1 1
(i) y x 5
(ii) y 5 (iii) y
x x
Solution:
Use dy
f (x) nx n 1
dx
(i). yx 5
, dy d(x 5 )
5x 4
dx dx
1
1 dy d 2
(ii). y 5 ,
5
x d(x ) 5 x 6 5 1
x dx dx dx x6
1
1 d x 2
(iii). y 1 , dy d 3
x 1x 2
x dx dx dx 2
Derivative of sum or difference
If f is a function such that f(x) h(x) g(x) ,then
f (x) h(x) g(x)
The derivative of the sum is the sum derivative.
Example: Find the derivative of functions
1
(i). f(x) 4 x 3 x
5 2
(ii). y x 5 5 x
3
Solution
x
dy
(i). f(x) 4 x 5 3 x 2 , 20 x 4 6 x
dx
(ii). y x 3 1 5 x , dy 1
3x 5 6 5
2
x5 dx x
Product rule
If f is a function such that f(x) h(x) g(x) , then
x
Use f (x) h(x) g(x) g(x) h(x)
(i). f(x) (4 x 5
)(3 x 2
)
dy
(20 x 4 )(3 x 2 ) (6 x)(4 x 5 )
dx
1
(ii). y (x 1)( 5 )
3
x
dy 3 1
2 x 5 6
dx x
Derivative of quotient
If f is a function such that f(x) h(x) , then
g(x)
Solution: x1
2 x3 5
(i) f(x) (ii). y x 5 4 x 1
x2
dy x (6 x ) (2 x 5) 2 x
2 2 3 dy (x 5 4 x 4) 1 (x 1)(5 x 4 4)
dx (x 2 )2 dx (x 5 4 x 1)2
dy 10
2 3 dy 4 x 5 5 x 4 3
dx x dx (x 5 4 x 1) 2
Chain rule
Chain rule is used to find the derivative of composite
functions (function of function) fog(x) = f(g(x))
dy dy d g
dx d g dx
Example: Differentiate
(i). y (4 3x) 5 (ii).
y x 3 2x 7
Solution:
Given y (4 3 x)
5
dg dy
3 5 g4
dg
dx
dy dy dg
use
dx dg dx
dy
5 g 4 3 15(4 3 x) 4
dx
Derivative of Parametric Functions
If y f(t) and x f(t) when t is called a parameter,
such equations are parametric equations,
dy dy dt
dx dt dx
f (x) e x
dy
If y a , then,Iny xIna , dx
x yIna a x
Ina
Solution:y e 2 x3 Let y e u
and u 2 x 3
dy du
eu
dx dx
dy
6x e
2 2 x3
dx
Derivative of Logarithm of function
If f(x) Inx , then
1
f (x)
x
Example: Find the derivative of
i).y In(x 2 4 x 3) ii).y ln(2 x 5)3
Solution:
i). y In(x 2 4 x 3) ii).y ln(2 x 5)3
dy 2 x 4 dy 6
2
dx x 4 x 3 dx 2 x 5
Higher Derivatives
dy d2y
If y f(x) and g(x) , then g(x) can be 2
dx
2 dx
differentiated with respect to x to give d y2 .
dx
2
d y d dy
dx 2
dx dx
3
Example: Find d y when y In x
dx 3
Solution: Given y In x
dy 1 d3 y 2
3
dx x dx 3
x
d2y 1
2
2
dx x
Minimum and maximum
If f is a function such that y = af(x), then
2
dy d y
Maximum when 0 and 2
0
dx dx
dy d2y
Minimum when 0 and 0
dx 2
dx
Example: using second derivative find the relative
f (x) 2 x 2
When f (x) 0 x 2 2 x 8 0 x 2 or x 4
f (2) 2(2) 2 0 relative maximum
at (-2, f(-2))
1 3
f( 2) (2) (2) 2 8(2) 2
3
f (4) 2(4) 2 0 , relative minimum
At (4, f(4))
1
f( 4) ( 4) 3 4 2 8(4) 2
3
INTERGRATION
0 dx c
The integral of zero is constant
Kdx Kx c
The integral of zero is X + constant
Example:
i). 2 dx ii). ydx
Solution
i). 2 dx 2 x c ii). ydx yx c
Integral of Power
If f is a function such that f(x) x n , then
n 1
x
x dx n 1 c
n
i). x dx ii). x dx
3
4
Solution: 4 3 7
x 4
i). ii). c
3 4 4
x dx c x dx x
4 7
Integral of coefficient of the function
If y is a function such that y = kf(x), then
Kf(x) dx K f( x) dx
Example: Evaluate the following functions
i) dx
3
4 x
3
ii) px 4
dx
Solution
i) 4 x 3
dx 4 dx
x 3
4 x dx x c
3 4
3 3
ii) px 4
dx p x dx 4
3 7
4
px dx 7 px C
4 4
1
The integral of
x
1
If f is a function such that f(x) = , then
x
1
x dx ln x c
True only when x is positive
The integral of
x
e
• If f is a function such that f(x) = e x , then
e dx e c
x x
Integral of sum and difference
If f is a function such that f(x) h(x) g(x) , then
ii)
dx 3xdx
3 2 3 2
(3 x 2 x 3 x) dx 3 x 2 x
3 4 2 3 3 2
(3 x 2 x 3 x) dx 4 x 3 x 2 x C
3 2
iii) 3 1 2 3 1
x ) dx 4 xdx 2 e x dx dx x 2 dx
x
(4 x 2 e
x 2 x 2
3 1 2 1 3
(4 x 2e x 2 x ) dx 2 x 2e 3 ln x 6 x C
x 2 x
Definite integrals
If the function f(x) is differentiable and
continuous at the interval x = a and x = b,
then
examples
Use the above properties to evaluate the
following int egrals
1. 3 x dx
1
2. 2 dx
x
3
3. 7 x dx
4. (3 x 4) dx
6
Application of Calculus
d(AC)
MAC
dx
a. fixed cost
b. variable cost
c. marginal Cost
d. average cost
e. marginal average cost
Solution: c(x) 4 x5 3 x 2 50,000.
b. variable cost 4 x 3 x
5 2
d(C)
c. marginal Cost, MC
dx
MC 20 x 4 6 x
d. Average Cost
Totalcost C
AC
Quantity X
4 x 5 3 x 2 50000
AC
x
50000
AC 4 x 3 x
4
x
e. Marginal Average Cost
d(AC)
MAC
dx
d(AC) 50000
16 x 3
3
dx x2
Total Revenue functions (R).
Total revenue function is the product of price per
item by quantity.
Total revenue R Price (P) quantity (X)
Price as a function of quantity expresses the link
between the price and the quantity demanded and
referred to demand function.
R 0.5 x3 3x 2 45000
AR
X x
45000
AR 0.5 x 3 x
2
x
iii) Price when MR = 0
3 2
MR x 6 x 0
2
3x (0.5x-2) =0
x = 0 or x = 4
Since AR = P
45000
P 0.5 x 3 x
2
x
when x = 4,
45000
P 0.5(4) 3(4)
2
11246
4
Hence the price when MR = 0 is 11,246
Total Profit
Profit (π) is the difference between the total
revenue and total cost. That is π = R – C
dπ d(R) d(C)
dx dx dx
dπ
At maximum profit 0
dx
There fore MR MC 0 hence MR MC
Example:
The total cost and revenue function for a certain
commodity are R 50 x x 2
and c 0.01x 2
20 x 100
(a) Derive the total profit function
(b) Find the profit break even point
(c) calculate the level and amount of demand that
maximize profit
Solution
a) Derive the total profit function
π R C
π 1.01x 2 30 x 100
1.01x 2 30 x 100 0
x = 26 or x = 4
The break even points is when the demand is
4 or 26 products
dπ d2π
(c). Profit is maximized when 0 and 2
0
dx dx
Since π 1.01x 2
30 x 100
Then dπ 2.02 x 30
dx
2.02x 30 0 x 15
d2π
2
2.02 0 gives maximum profit
dx