GROUP NO 7

Subject:
Highway and Transportation
Engineering

Instructor:
Dr . Tahir Masood

.
 GROUP MEMBERS

Rana Fahran Ali UW-14-CE-B.Sc-021

Nouman Ali UW-14-CE-B.Sc-028
Waqar Hussain UW-14-CE-B.Sc-018
Sajjed Ali UW-14-CE-B.Sc-002
Haider Ali UW-14-CE-B.Sc-045
Yasir kamal khan UW-14-CE-B.Sc-024

.
 TOPIC :HIGHWAY
PAVEMENT . DESIGN
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Introduction
2. Objective
3. Types of Pavement
4. Design factor
5. Requirement of good pavement
6. Failure of Pavement
7. Case in point
8. Recommendations
9. Limitations of Study
10. Future Research Avenues
11. References
 INTRODUCTION

A highway pavement is a structure consisting of

superimposed layers of processed materials above the natural
soil sub-grade, whose primary function is to distribute the
applied vehicle loads to the sub-grade.

 The pavement structure should be able to provide a surface

of acceptable riding quality, adequate skid resistance, favorable
light reflecting characteristics, and low noise pollution.

Two types of pavements are generally recognized as serving

this purpose, namely flexible pavements and rigid pavements.
 SCOPE
 This chapter gives an overview of pavement types, layers, and their
functions, and pavement failures. Improper design of pavements leads
to early failure of pavements affecting the riding quality.
 The ultimate aim is to ensure that the transmitted stresses due to wheel
load are sufficiently reduced, so that they will not exceed bearing
capacity of the sub grade.
 TYPES OF PAVEMENT

Flexible pavement
Rigid pavement
Semi rigid pavement
 FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT

 A true flexible pavement yields

“elastically” to traffic loading.
 It is constructed with a bituminous
surface treatment or a relatively thin
surface of hot-mix asphalt (HMA) over one
or more unbound base courses resting on
a sub grade.
Water bound macadam roads and
stabilized soil roads with or without
asphaltic toppings are examples of flexible
pavements.
 DESIGN OF FLEXIBLE
PAVEMENT

The design of flexible pavement is based on the principle that .for a load of any
magnitude.
The intensity of a load and the load is transmitted downwards from the surface by
virtue of spreading over an increasingly larger area, by carrying it deep enough into
the ground through successive layers of granular material.
Thus for flexible pavement, there can be grading in the quality of materials used,
the materials with high degree of strength is used at or near the surface.
 Thus the strength of sub grade primarily influences the thickness of the flexible
pavement.
COMPONENTS OF FLEXIBLE
PAVEMENT
 RIGID PAVEMENT

A rigid pavement is constructed from

cement concrete or reinforced concrete
slabs.
Grouted concrete roads are in the
category of semi-rigid pavements.
The design of rigid pavement is based
on providing a structural cement concrete
slab of sufficient strength to resists the
loads from traffic.
The rigid pavement has rigidity and
high modulus of elasticity to distribute the
load over a relatively wide area of soil.
Difference between Flexible Pavements and Rigid
Pavements
Sr
No. Flexible Pavement Rigid Pavement

It consists of a series of layers

It consists of one layer Portland
with the highest quality
1. cement concrete slab or relatively
materials at or near the surface
high flexural strength.
of pavement.

It reflects the deformations of It is able to bridge over localized

2. subgrade and subsequent failures and area of inadequate
layers on the surface. support.

Its stability depends upon the Its structural strength is provided

3. aggregate interlock, particle by the pavement slab itself by its
friction and cohesion. beam action.
 Pavement design is greatly
Flexural strength of concrete is a
4. influenced by the sub grade
major factor for design.
strength.

It functions by a way of load It distributes load over a wide area

5. distribution through the of subgrade because of its rigidity
component layers and high modulus of elasticity.

Temperature variations due to

change in atmospheric Temperature changes induce heavy
6.
conditions do not produce stresses in rigid pavements.
stresses in flexible pavements.

Flexible pavements have self Any excessive deformations

healing properties due to heavier occurring due to heavier wheel loads
7.
wheel loads are recoverable due are not recoverable, i.e. settlements
to some extent. are permanent
SOUNDNESS TEST OF BRICKS
 SEMI-RIGID PAVEMENTS
Semi-rigid pavements constitute the major part
of the world's highways and runways.
They are the favorite choice for moving loads of
all types. We employ traditional and state-of-the-
art design methods, taking into account cracking
of the asphalt bound and semi-rigid layers,
pavement roughness and rutting.
Comparatively low construction costs and
simple repair and maintenance options are
characteristic to the semi-rigid pavement types.
 REQUIREMENT OF GOOD PAVEMENT
A perfect pavement should satisfy the following conditions:
It should be low in first cost.
It should be durable, i.e., the cost of perpetually maintain ing its surface in good condition
should be small.
It should have a smooth, hard surface, so as to have a low tractive resistance.
 It should afford a good foot hold to enable horses to draw heavy loads, and to prevent
them from slipping and falling and possibly injuring themselves and blocking traffic.
It should be smooth, so as to be easily cleaned.
 It should be comparatively noiseless.
 It should be impervious, so as to keep in good sanitary condition.
 It should yield neither dust nor mud.
 It should be comfortable to those who ride over it.
 It should not absorb heat excessively.
 FAILURE OF PAVEMENT

Pavement failure is caused by a number of variables including, water intrusion,

stress from heavy vehicles, expansion and contraction from seasonal temperature
changes, and sun exposure.
It is important to keep up with proper maintenance like crack and asphalt
sealing to prevent cracks from spreading or forming.

Factors of Failure of Pavement :

Cracking
Potholes
Depression
Rutting
Raveling
Austin Asphalt Repair
CRACKING
 POTHOLES
Potholes are formed through
prolonged water intrusion from
existing cracks in the surface.
 If alligator cracks and other
asphalt stress cracks are not
treated, water will begin to erode
the surface all the way down to the
sub base.
This will cause large holes to
form in the asphalt which will
spread and cause damage to
vehicles.
 DEPRESSION

A depression in an asphalt
surface is formed by uneven sub-
bases or compactions over time.
Depressions have a lower
elevation than the asphalt
surface which will cause the area
to hold water for longer.
 Water buildup can cause
further issues like raveling or
potholes
 RUTTING

Rutting is channeled depressions in

an asphalt surface that form over time
from exceeded weight limits and
improper base construction.
 Over time heavy vehicles will begin
to compact the asphalt along a roadway
creating tire ruts.
 If rutting forms in an asphalt surface
the base must be repaired or
restructured to account for heavier
vehicle traffic
 RAVELLING

 Ravelling is caused by the continued

intrusion of water and the degradation
of an asphalt top coat.
 Once the top layer of asphalt bitumen
wears down water and sunlight will
continue to damage the asphalt surface
causing the bond between asphalt
bitumen and aggregate rock to break.
 Once ravelling occurs an asphalt
surface will lose it impervious properties
and will let water enter the surface.
 When water begins to intrude into an
asphalt surface it will cause further
cracks and pavement failure to occur.
RECOMMENDATIONS
LIMITATIONS OF STUDY
FUTURE RESEARCH AVENUES
 REFERENCES

1. https://www.google.com.pk/search?q=Ravelling&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X
&ved=0ahUKEwj46sGJhcbYAhXSzaQKHXHYDRoQ_AUICigB&biw=1366&bih=
613#imgrc=gAanlb-TDs6XzM
2. http://www.lonestarpavingtx.com/what-is-pavement-failure/
3. https://www.google.com.pk/search?q=Failure+of+Pavement&oq=Failure+of+Pa
vement&aqs=chrome..69i57j0l5.631j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
4. https://www.google.com.pk/search?q=Highway+Pavement+Design&oq=Highw
ay+Pavement+Design&aqs=chrome..69i57j0l5.14202j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie
=UTF-8
5. http://gluedideas.com/content-collection/A-Treatise-on-Roads-and-Pavements-
1903/Requirements-of-an-Ideal_P1.html
6. http://www.cowi.com/menu/service/railwaysroadsandairports/roadsandhighway
s/pavements/flexibleandsemi-rigidpavements/
QUESTIONS AND DISCUSSION

Class Project