1 2 The Circulatory System Blood Blood Vessels

CHAPTER 1.
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 Circulatory system:
 Transports substances continuously around the entire body
 Consists of :
a) Cardiovascular system : heart, blood vessels and blood
b) Lymphatic system: lymphatic vessels and lymphoid tissues within the
spleen, thymus, tonsils, lymph nodes and lymph
 Transports nutrients, water & O2 to body cells
 Remove CO2 and other nitrogenous wastes from body cell
 Consists of 3 components:
a) Medium
b) Vessels
c) Pump
 Required to carry materials around the
circulatory system
 In human & animals : BLOOD
 Insects : HAEMOLYPMH
 Composition of human blood
a. Plasma – 55%
b. Cellular Elements– 45 %
Human Blood
Cellular
Plasma (55%) components
(45%)
Erythrocytes Leucocytes
Fibrin and Thrombocytes
Serum (red blood (white blood
clotting factors (platelets)
cells) cells)
Agranulocytes Granulocytes
Lymphocytes Monocytes Neutrophils Basophils Eosinophils
 RED BLOOD CELLS
 5 million per mm3 of blood
 DO NOT HAVE :
 Nucleus
 mitochondria
 ribosomes
 Full of haemoglobin to bind

O2 & CO2
 Made in bone marrow
 live for about 120 days
 Destroyed & recycled in liver
1. HAVE NO NUCLEUS : provide more space for haemoglobin
 Haemoglobin transports O2 – combined as oxyhaemoglobin – from
lungs to the body tissues for respiration
 Also carry CO2 as hydrogen-carbonate from the respiring tissues to
the lungs
2. BICONCAVE DISC- SHAPED CELLS : increase the TSA/V
ratio for optimum gaseous exchange
3. SMALL & FLEXIBLE: able to squeeze through narrow
capillary walls
 WHITE BLOOD CELLS
 Colorless
 No hemoglobin
 Larger than erythrocytes; WHITE BLOOD
fewer in number CELLS
 ≈ 7000 per mm3 of blood
 No fix shape
 have nucleus GRANULOCYTES AGRANULOCYTES
 Can change their shapes &
squeeze through the walls of
capillaries
 Important in body
mechanisms against disease
 Have :
 granular cytoplasm
 lobed nucleus
GRANULOCYTES
 Capable of amoeboid
movement
 engulf bacteria by
phagocytosis BASOPHIL NEUTROPHIL EOSINOPHIL
 Produced in bone
marrow
BASOPHIL NEUTROPHIL EOSINOPHIL
MOST
Detoxify
COMMON -
RAREST -1% of chemicals &
Engulf bacteria
total leucocytes reduce
by
inflammation
phagocytosis
 Have non-granular
cytoplasm and a compact AGRANULOCYTES
nucleus
MONOCYTES LYMPHOCYTES
 The largest of the five types
of white blood cell
 Produce in bone marrow
 Have bean-shaped nucleus
 Ingest bacteria by
phagocytosis
 has large rounded nucleus
 contains many genes :
efficient antibody protein
productions
 Produced in the lymph
glands & the lymphatic
nodes
 FUNCTIONS:
 Produce antibodies
 specific defense against
toxins produced by bacteria
and infecting germs
 a.k.a PLATELETS
 Not a cells
 tiny fragments of other cells
(megakaryocytes)
 Colorless, irregular shape,
without nucleus
 Made in bone marrow
 last about 6-7 days
 FUNCTIONS:
1. Have amoeboid
movements
2. Important in blood
clotting & repairing
damages tissues
3. Help to maintain the
integrity of blood vessel
wall
 Yellowish liquid
 Serum : blood
plasma with its
clotting factors
(such as fibrin)
removed
 90% water, 10%
dissolved
substances
 consist of :
 dissolved gases,
absorbed food
molecules, excretory
waste products,
hormones & salts
 Heat produced by
respiration
absorbed by
plasma
1. Transport O2 & CO2
2. Transport absorbed food materials
3. Transport of excretory waste products
 Deamination excess amino acids occur in _______?
4. Transport heat
 Blood distribute heat from heat-producing sites (e.g. skeletal
muscles) to areas of heat loss (e.g. skin)
5. Transport of hormones
6. Transport of water to tissues
 Haemolymph :
 the circulatory fluid in body cavities of insects
 A.K.A ‘ insect blood’
 Flows freely within the body cavity
 makes direct contact with all the internal tissues &
organ of insects
 Contains water, amino acids, sugar, salts & white
cell
 Haemolymph :
 the circulatory fluid in body cavities of insects
 Transport hormones, nutrients, salt & metabolic
wastes around the body
 Does not contain haemoglobin or RBC
 Does not transport O2 and CO2
 Heart is connected to a series of tubes called blood vessels
 BLOOD VESSELS:
 Tubes for the medium to flow through
 Main types of vessels: artery, arteriole, capillary, venule and vein
 Each type of blood vessel has a different structure according to
their function`
Vessels Artery Capillary Vein
Aspect
Structure of wall Three layers – Single layer - Three layers –
endothelium, smooth endothelium endothelium, smooth
muscle & fibrous muscle & fibrous
connective tissue connective tissue
Thickness of wall Thick Very thin – single Thinner than arteries

cell
Relative diameter of Narrow Very narrow – about Wide
lumen the size of single
erythrocyte
Direction of blood Away from the heart From arteries to vein Towards the hearts
flow
Valve Absent Absent Present
Oxygen transported Carries oxygenated Arteriole carries Carries
blood (except oxygenated blood deoxygenated blood
pulmonary artery) Venule carries (except pulmonary
deoxgenated blood vein)
Relative blood High Gradually decreases Lowest
pressure from the arteriole
end to the venule
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 Insects, crustaceans
& mollusks
 Heart pumps
haemolymph
through the aorta
which branches into
number of arteries
that open into body
cavity
 Haemolymph
 reaches the body
cells directly
 diffuses between
body cells & re-
enters the heart
through open-ended
veins
 Found in all
vertebrates &
some invert (e.g.
earthworms)
 Heart pumps
blood rapidly
through & within
completely closed
continuous system
of vessel
 never comes in
direct contact
with body cells

1 2 The Circulatory System Blood Blood Vessels

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1 2 The Circulatory System Blood Blood Vessels

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CHAPTER 1.

Lymphocytes Monocytes Neutrophils Basophils Eosinophils

 Full of haemoglobin to bind

Thickness of wall Thick Very thin – single Thinner than arteries

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