POWER SYSTEM - II

LOAD FLOW STUDIES

References :
1. D.P. Kothari & 1.J. Nagrath, “Modern Power System Analysis”, Tata McGraw Hill, 2007.
2. Stevenson J V, William D, “Elements of Power System Analysis”, McGraw Hill, 1988.
Contents

Introduction to Load Flow Studies

Classification of Buses

Gauss Seidel Method

Newton Raphson Method

Fast Decoupled Method

Voltage Control Methods

 Load Flow Studies
 Problems encountered under steady state operation of power system
1. Load flow problem
2. Optimal load scheduling problem
3. System control problem
 Load flow study
1. Numerical Analysis under steady state condition
2. Information obtained are magnitude and phase angle of voltage &
real and reactive power
 Need for Load flow studies
1. Used for planning and improvement of existing power system
2. Deciding the most suitable location for power capacitors for
raising network voltage and improving power factor
3. To determine the optimal capacity of proposed generating station
Types of Buses

Generator Bus (PV Bus)

 Real power (P) and magnitude of voltage (|V|) remains same
 Real power is controlled by adjusting prime mover and voltage is
controlled by adjusting excitation to generator
 Limits of reactive power (Q) will be given
Load Bus (PQ Bus)

 Non generator bus

 Real power (P) and reactive power (Q) remains same
 Consumer power is met at this bus

Slack Bus (Swing Bus)

 Reference Bus
 Real power flow is not mentioned
 Mainly used to meet power balance condition
Computation of Line Flow

𝐼𝑝𝑞 = 𝐼𝑝𝑞1 + 𝐼𝑝𝑞2

𝑌
= (𝑉𝑝 − 𝑉𝑞 ) 𝑌𝑝𝑞 + 𝑉𝑝
2

Line flow between bus p and q - 𝑺𝒑𝒒 = 𝑽𝒑 𝑰𝒑𝒒 *

∗
Complex Power 𝑆𝑝𝑞 * = 𝑃𝑝𝑞 − 𝑗 𝑄𝑝𝑞 = 𝑉𝑝 𝐼𝑝𝑞
∗ 𝑌
= 𝑉𝑝 (𝑉𝑝 − 𝑉𝑞 ) 𝑌𝑝𝑞 + 𝑉𝑝
2
 𝐼𝑞𝑝 = 𝐼𝑞𝑝1 + 𝐼𝑞𝑝2
𝑌
= (𝑉𝑞 − 𝑉𝑝 ) 𝑌𝑝𝑞 + 𝑉𝑞
2

Line flow between bus q and p - 𝑺𝒒𝒑 = 𝑽𝒒 𝑰𝒒𝒑*

∗
Complex Power 𝑆𝑞𝑝 ∗ = 𝑃𝑞𝑝 − 𝑗 𝑄𝑞𝑝 = 𝑉𝑞 𝐼𝑞𝑝
∗ 𝑌
= 𝑉𝑞 (𝑉𝑞 − 𝑉𝑝 ) 𝑌𝑝𝑞 + 𝑉𝑞
2

Power loss in transmission line pq

𝑆𝑝−𝑞 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝑆𝑝𝑞 + 𝑆𝑞𝑝

If Bus 1 is Slack Bus, and there are a total of n buses

Slack Bus Power
𝑃1 − 𝑗𝑄1 = 𝑉1∗ σ𝑛𝑘=1 𝑌1𝑘 𝑉𝑘
(Slack bus accommodates for the power imbalance in system)
Formulation of Load Flow Equations Using 𝑌𝐵𝑢𝑠 Matrix

𝐼𝑝 = 𝑌𝑝1 𝑉1 + 𝑌𝑝2 𝑉2 + … … … … … + 𝑌𝑝𝑝 𝑉𝑝 + … … … … + 𝑌𝑝𝑛 𝑉𝑛

𝒏
𝑷𝒑 − 𝒋𝑸𝒑
𝑰𝒑 = 𝒀𝒑𝒑 𝑽𝒑 + ෍ 𝒀𝒑𝒒 𝑽𝒒 𝑰𝒑 = ∗
𝒒=𝟏,𝒒 ≠𝒑
𝑽𝒑

𝟏 𝑷𝒑 −𝒋𝑸𝒑 −
𝑽𝒑 = ∗ σ𝒏𝒒=𝟏,𝒒 ≠𝒑 𝒀𝒑𝒒 𝑽𝒒
𝒀𝒑𝒑 𝑽𝒑
 +𝟏
Calculate 𝑸𝒑 𝒌

𝑄𝑝 𝑘+1 = −1 𝐼𝑚[Vp k∗ { σp−1 k+1+ σnq=p Ypq Vq k}]

q=1 Ypq Vq

+𝟏
Calculate 𝑽𝒑 𝒌

𝑝−1 𝑛
𝑘+1 =
1 𝑃𝑝 − 𝑗𝑄𝑝 𝑘+1− 𝑘
𝑉𝑝 − ෍ 𝑌𝑝𝑞 𝑉𝑞 ෍ 𝑌𝑝𝑞 𝑉𝑞
𝑌𝑝𝑝 𝑉𝑝 𝑘 ∗
𝑞=1 𝑞=𝑝+1

+1 = 𝑘+1
𝑉𝑝,𝑎𝑐𝑐 𝑘 𝑉𝑝 𝑘 + 𝛼(𝑉𝑝 - 𝑉𝑝 𝑘 ) {( 𝛼 = 1.6)}

For generator Bus

+
𝑘 1
𝐼𝑚𝑔 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑉𝑝
𝛿𝑝𝑘+1 = 𝑇𝑎𝑛−1 +
𝑘 1
𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑉𝑝
Problems :

Refer worked out examples in

1. Power System Analysis by Hadi Saadat
 Example 6.7, Pg. No. 213
2. Modern Power System Analysis by . D.P. Kothari & 1.J. Nagrath
 Example 6.4, Pg. No. 188
 Example 6.5, Pg. No. 189