Mobile and Wireless Communication

Complete Lecture Notes #2

Lecture # 2
By
Student Lecture Notes
Cellular Telephony

Characterized by

 High mobility provision

 Wide-range
 Handoff and roaming support
 Integrated with sophisticated public switched telephone
network (PSTN)
 High transmit power requires at the handsets (~2W)
Power falloff actually helps

 A common misconception is that since received power is proportional

1/ra, capacity is badly hurt as the pathloss exponent a increases. Wrong!

 Smaller cells when range is short give more bandwidth reuse!

Cellular Standards
Cellular Networks
 First Generation
• Analog Systems
• Analog Modulation, mostly FM
• AMPS
• Voice Traffic
• FDMA/FDD multiple access
 Second Generation (2G)
• Digital Systems
• Digital Modulation
• Voice Traffic
• TDMA/FDD and CDMA/FDD multiple access
 2.5G
• Digital Systems
• Voice + Low-data rate

 Third Generation
• Digital• Voice + High-data rate
• Multimedia Transmission
Cellular Standards

 0G : Early Mobile Telephone

Systems
• One high-power transmitter
was used to cover a large area--
-approx. 50km. Located at a
very high spot
• The mobiles were
simultaneously connected using
different Frequency channels

 Capacity of such systems was

very limited
1G
 1G is first-generation wireless telephone technology that are analog-
based and were introduced in the 1980s.

• Nordic Mobile Telephone, used in Nordic countries, Switzerland,

Netherlands, Eastern Europe and Russia.
• AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) used in the United States
and Australia
• TACS (Total Access Communications System) in the United
Kingdom
• In Japan there were multiple systems. Three standards, TZ-801, TZ-
802, and TZ-803 were developed by NTT, while a competing system
operated by DDI used the JTACS (Japan Total Access
Communications System) standard.
 2G

Second Generation standards use digital modulation formats and TDMA/FDD

and CDMA/FDD multiple access techniques

The most popular 2G standards include three TDMA standards and one CDMA
standard

(a) Global System Mobile (GSM)

 Supports eight time slotted users for each 200khz radio channel
 Widely deployed in cellular and PCS bands in Europe, Australia, South
America and some parts of US

(b) Interim Standard I36(IS-136)

 Also known as North American Digital Cellular (NADC) or US Digital
cellular (USDC) which supports three time slotted users for each 30KHz
radio channel
 2G

(c) Pacific Digital Cellular (PDC)

 A Japanese TDMA standard that is similar to IS-136 with more than 50
million users

(d) 2G CDMA standard Interim Standard 95 Code Division Multiple

Access(IS-95)
 Also known as cdmaOne, supports up to 64 users that are orthogonally
coded and simultaneously transmitted on each 1.25MHz channel
 Widely deployed by carriers in north America (in both cellular and PCS
bands) as well as in Korea, Japan, China, South America, and Australia
2G Technologies
2G and Data
 2G is developed for voice communications and were designed before the wide
spread of the internet

 Can send data over 2G channels by using modem

 Provides data rates in the order of ~9.6 Kbps

 2G standards are able to support limited Internet browsing and sophisticated

short messaging capabilities using a circuit switched approach. SMS is popular
feature of GSM. Increased data rates are required for internet applications

 This requires evolution towards new systems: 2.5 G

2.5 G
 Allow exiting 2G equipment to be modified and supplemented with new base
station add-ons and subscriber unit software upgrades to support higher data
rate transmission for web browsing, email traffic, mobile commerce.

 2.5 G also support a popular new web browsing format language, called
Wireless Application Protocol (WAP), that allows standard web pages to be
viewed in a compressed format specifically designed for small portable and
hand held wireless devices

 2.5 G upgrade solution designed for GSM must dovetail with the original
GSM air interface standard otherwise be incompatible and require wholesale
equipment changes at each base station
2.5 G

 2.5G is between 2G and 3G cellular wireless technologies used to

describe 2G-systems that provide packet switching in addition to
circuit switching

 2.5G provides some of the benefits of 3G (e.g. it is packet-switched)

and can use some of the existing 2G infrastructure in GSM and
CDMA networks.
Evolution for 2.5G TDMA standards

 Three different paths have been developed for GSM carriers and two of
these solutions also support IS-36.The three TDMA upgrade options
include

a) High Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD)

b) General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)
c) Enhanced data rate for GSM Evolution (EDGE)

 These options provide significant improvements in internet access speed

over today's GSM and IS-136 technology and support the creation of new
internet- ready cell phones.
Evolution for 2.5G TDMA standards

HSCSD for 2.5G GSM

 Is a circuit switched technique that allows a single mobile subscriber

to use consecutive user time slots to obtain the higher speed data access in the
GSM standard for data transmissions

 Increases the available application data rate to 14,400 bps as compared to

original 9,600 bps in GSM specification.

 Requires service provider to implement a software change at existing GSM

base stations.
Evolution for 2.5G TDMA standards

HSCSD for 2.5G GSM

 High Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD) allows multiple slots to be

assigned for data connection.

 Problem : usage of scarce radio resource, since it is circuit switched allocates

timeslots even when nothing is being transmitted.

 Advantage : Good for real-time applications.

Evolution for 2.5G TDMA standards

GPRS for 2.5G GSM and IS-136

 General Packet radio service is a packet based data network, which is well
suited for non real time internet usage including the retrieval of email, faxes
and asymmetric web browsing

 GPRS retains the original modulation formats specified in the original

2G TDMA standards, but uses a completely redefined air interface in order to
better handle packet data access.

 GPRS subscriber unit are automatically instructed to tune to dedicated GPRS

radio channel and particular time slots for always on access to the network
Evolution for 2.5G TDMA standards

GPRS for 2.5G GSM and IS-136

 When all eight time slots of a GSM radio channel are dedicated to GPRS, an
individual user is able to achieve as much as 171.2Kbps

 Implementation of GPRS requires the GSM operator to install new routers and
internet gateways at the base station, along with new software that redefines
the base station air interface standard for GSM channels and time slots, no new
base station RF hardware is required.

 GPRS was originally designed to provide packet data access for GSM
networks but at the request of IS-136 operators, GPRS was extended to include
both TDMA standards.
 Evolution for 2.5G TDMA standards

EDGE for 2.5G GSM and IS-136

 EDGE stands for Enhanced data rates for GSM Evolution, more advanced
upgrade to GSM standard, requires addition of new hardware and software

 EDGE introduces new digital modulation format, 8PSK, which is used in

addition to GSM standard GMSK modulation

 New handset work on Edge networks at 384kbps.GSM and GPRS only phones
will not work in EDGE networks.
2.5G CDMA

IS 95B for 2.5G CDMA

 The interim data solution for CDMA is called IS-95B

 Like GPRS IS-95B is already being deployed worldwide and provides high
speed packet and circuit switched data access on a common CDMA radio
channel by dedicating multiple orthogonal user channels
Upgrades paths for 2G Technologies
3G
 3G is the third generation of mobile phone standards and technology
based on ITU standards under IMT-2000

 3G technologies enable network operators to offer users a wider range

of more advanced services Multi-megabit Internet access,
communications using Voice over Internet protocol (VoIP) while
achieving greater network capacity through improved spectral
efficiency.

 Services include wide-area wireless voice telephony and broadband

wireless data, all in a mobile environment.

 Typically, they provide service at 5-10 Mb per second.

International Mobile Telephone

 ITU formulated a plan to implement a global frequency band in the

2000MHZ range that would support single wireless communication
standard for all countries throughout the world this plan is called
International Mobile Telephone 2000(IMT 2000)

 Single worldwide standard has not materialized as the world wide user
community remains split between the two camps GSM/IS-136/PDC
and CDMA
3G Systems
Evolution of Systems

 CDMA system evolved to CDMA2000, several variants of

CDMA 2000 are currently being deployed.

• CDMA2000-1xRTT: upto 307 Kbps

• CDMA2000-1xEVDO: upto 2.4 Mbps
• CDMA2000-1xEVDV: 144 Kbps data rate

 GSM and IS-136 evolved to W-CDMA (Wideband

CDMA) (also called UMTS)

• Up to 2.048 Mbps data-rates

• Future systems 8Mbps
• Expected to be fully deployed by 2010-2015

 New spectrum is allocated for these technologies

3G Systems

The ITU IMT-2000 standard organizations are currently separated into

two major organizations reflecting the two 3G camps

3GPP:
3G partnership Project for Wideband CDMA standards based on
backward compatibility with GSM and IS-136/PDC

3GPP2:
3G partnership Project for CDMA 2000 standards based on the backward
compatibility with IS-95
Basics
 Early mobile telephony systems were not cellular. Coverage over a
large area was provided by a high powered transmitter mounted on a
tall tower. Frequency reuse was not employed. That resulted in very
low capacity

 The cellular concept arose from the need to restructure the radio
telephone system with the increase in demand. The increase in demand
could not be satisfied just by additional spectrum allocations

 Cellular Concept: replace large transmitters with many smaller

transmitters. Neighboring base stations (BS) are assigned different sets
of channels. Capacity can be increased by additional partitions
Basics
 Cell – a geographical area covered
by a BS

 Frequency Reuse – the frequency

channels allocation scheme

 For convenience, the cells are

shown with a hex pattern. A hex
pattern is the simplest pattern that
can tessellate an area

 In practice, cells are not hexagonal

and BS are not exactly in the center
of the cell
An Example of Cellular Cluster