ES 13: MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES 1

1
Review of Statics
• EQUATIONS OF EQUILIBRIUM
• SHEAR AND BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAMS
2 Equations of Equilibrium
Internal loads- loads that develop within a body due to the application of forces

Types of internal loads:

Axial or Normal Force – force that is perpendicular to the transverse cross section or
directed along the axis of the member. Can be tensile or compressive
Shear Force- force that is tangent/parallel to the cross section
Bending Moment- couple that lies on the plane of the applied forces
3 Equations of Equilibrium
Consider the structure shown designed to
support a 30 kN load. It consists of boom AB
and rod BC connected by pins at B and
supported by pins and brackets at A and C

Boom AB Rod BC

50 mm
d= 50 mm

30 mm
Find the internal forces at each member
4 Equations of Equilibrium
1. Draw the free body diagram, FBD, of the structure
Detaching the structure from its supports at A and C, and replacing the supports
with its equivalent reaction forces results to the following figure:

Since the structure is supported by

pins and brackets at A and C, the
reaction forces at each point will be
composed of two components, one
along the x direction, 𝐶𝑥 and 𝐴𝑥 and
one along the y direction, 𝐶𝑦 and 𝐴𝑦
5
Equations of Equilibrium
2. From ES 11, statics, we have the following equations for equilibrium:
If planar, these eqns will
σ 𝐹𝑋 = 0; σ 𝑀𝑋 = 0;
be reduced to 3 eqns
σ 𝐹𝑦 = 0; σ 𝑀𝑦 = 0;
σ 𝐹𝑧 = 0; σ 𝑀𝑧 = 0;

At point C, σ 𝑀𝑐 = 𝐴𝑥 0.6 − 30 0.8 = 0

𝐴𝑥 = 40 𝑘𝑁

𝐴𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥 = 0
40 + 𝐶𝑥 = 0
𝐶𝑥 = −40 𝑘𝑁 𝑜𝑟 40 𝑘𝑁
𝐴𝑦 + 𝐶𝑦 − 30 = 0
𝐴𝑦 + 𝐶𝑦 = 30
6
Equations of Equilibrium
Notice that no additional independent equation can be used to determine the
forces, 𝐶𝑦 and 𝐴𝑦 from the previous free body diagram of the structure

Dismembering the structure and considering the free body diagram of

boom AB

෍ 𝑀𝐵 = −𝐴𝑦 0.8 = 0; 𝐴𝑦 = 0

Going back to the previous FBD,

𝐴𝑦 + 𝐶𝑦 = 30
𝐶𝑦 = 30 𝑘𝑁
7 Equations of Equilibrium
The reaction at A is directed along the axis of
𝐴𝑥 = 40 𝑘𝑁 boom AB and causes compression on the
member

40 𝑘𝑁 40 𝑘𝑁

A B
𝐶𝑥 = 40 𝑘𝑁 𝐶𝑦 = 30 𝑘𝑁 𝐶 = 50 𝑘𝑁 36.87°
C
50 𝑘𝑁

The resultant of the reaction force

at C is directed along the axis of
rod BC and causes tension on the
member

50 𝑘𝑁
B
8 Equations of Equilibrium
Alternative Solution:
Another way of solving the problem is by recognizing that members
AB and BC are TWO FORCE members

TWO FORCE MEMBERS- members that are subjected to forces at only

two points

For two force members, the lines of

action of the resultant forces acting at
each point are equal and opposite and
pass through both points
9
Equations of Equilibrium
Alternative Solution:

Recognizing that members AB and BC are two force members, the

solution can be simplified by summing forces at pin B

𝐹𝐴𝐵 𝐹𝐵𝐶 30
= =
4 5 3

𝐹𝐴𝐵 = 40 𝑘𝑁
𝐹𝐵𝐶 = 50 𝑘𝑁
10
Equations of Equilibrium
Knowing the forces at the ends of each of the members, we can now
determine the internal forces in these members. Passing a section at some
arbitrary point D in member BC, we obtain two portions, BD and DC,

50 𝑘𝑁
Since a 50 kN force must be applied at
D to both portions of the rod to keep
50 𝑘𝑁 equilibrium, we can conclude that the
internal force at member BC is 50 kN.
The sign convention in the figure
50 𝑘𝑁 denotes that the member is in tension

50 𝑘𝑁
 SHEAR AND BENDING MOMENT
11 DIAGRAM
- Commonly used for analysis and design of beams
Beam - a structural element primarily used to resist loads applied
perpendicular relative to its axis (relative to its length)
- can be subjected to concentrated loads or distributed loads,
moment loads or combination of the three
 SHEAR AND BENDING MOMENT
12
DIAGRAM
 Internal forces at a transverse section of
a beam consist of shear force and
bending moment
 Shear force and bending moment
varies along the length of beam
 The variation of shear force and
bending moment throughout the beam
is best illustrated by the use of shear
and bending moment diagram
 SHEAR AND BENDING MOMENT
13
DIAGRAM
 Sign Conventions:
 POSITIVE SHEAR

 POSITIVE BENDING MOMENT

14 Relation between Distributed Load and Shear
 Relation between Shear and Moment
15
16 Shear and Bending Moment
 The previous relationships between distributed load and shear, shear and
bending moment are only applicable to points where no concentrated
force or moment is applied
 Concentrated force or moment create discontinuities in the shear and
bending moment diagram

Change in shear is Change in moment

positive; shear is positive; moment
diagram will diagram will
“jump” upward “jump” upward if
when F acts M0 is clockwise
upwards
 Example
17

 Determine the shear and bending moment diagram

10 kN-m

2m